Springer Optical Sciences

Soft X-Ray Lasers and High-Order Harmonic Generation

By: Pierre JaeglÃ©

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Hardcover | 21 December 2005

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432 Pages

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24.77 x 16.51 x 2.54

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Extreme ultraviolet radiation, also referred to as soft X-rays or XUV, offers very special optical properties. The X-UV refractive index of matter is such that normal reflection cannot take place on polished surfaces whereas beam transmission through one micrometer of almost all materials reduces to zero. Therefore, it has long been a difficult task to imagine and to implement devices designed for complex optics experiments in this wavelength range. Thanks to new sources of coherent radiation - XUV-lasers and High Order Harmonics - the use of XUV radiation, for interferometry, holography, diffractive optics, non-linear radiation-matter interaction, time-resolved study of fast and ultrafast phenomena and many other applications, including medical sciences, is ubiquitous.

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Introduction to Coherent Extreme-Ultraviolet and Soft X-Ray Sources
Short Survey of XUV Emission Mechanisms and Sources	p. 3
Radiation Transfer Through Matter, Opacity, and Gain	p. 7
Transfer Equation, Absorption, and Gain	p. 8
Profile Functions	p. 13
Line Narrowing	p. 14
Atomic Level Population Densities	p. 17
Source Brightness and Number of Photons per Mode	p. 19
XUV Optics	p. 23
XUV Optical Constants	p. 23
Absorption, Reflection, and Refraction of XUV Radiation	p. 28
Grazing Incidence Optics	p. 34
Multilayer Mirrors	p. 36
Coherent XUV Radiation Beams	p. 41
Interferences and Degree of Coherence	p. 41
Modes of Free Radiation Field	p. 48
Three Ways of Producing Coherent XUV Radiation Beams	p. 52
References	p. 55
State of the Art and Prospect of X-Ray Lasers
Beginnings	p. 59
Experiments	p. 59
Pumping Mechanisms	p. 63
General Features of X-Ray Lasers	p. 69
Survey of Laser-Produced Plasma Physics	p. 69
Main Parameters Related to Plasma Expansion	p. 69
Atomic Physics in the Plasma Corona	p. 72
X-Ray Laser Configurations	p. 74
X-Ray Lasers Pumped by Lasers	p. 74
Multiple Target Systems	p. 78
Optics for the Production of Line Focused Plasmas	p. 80
Capillary-Discharge XUV Laser	p. 83
XUV Laser Cavity Issues	p. 84
Diagnostics of X-Ray Laser Media	p. 88
Plasma Imaging	p. 88
Temperature and Density Diagnostics	p. 92
Propagation of XUV Laser Beams	p. 99
Beam Refraction	p. 101
From Small-Signal Gain to Saturation	p. 111
Coherence Building	p. 120
Coherence Measurements	p. 129
Coherence Characterization	p. 129
Interferometric Methods	p. 130
Diffractometry	p. 133
Saturated XUV Lasers	p. 137
Gain Predictions for the Collisional-Excitation Pumping Scheme	p. 139
Single Pump-Pulse of Nanosecond Duration	p. 144
Ne-Like Selenium Laser	p. 144
Ne-Like Ge Laser (Saturation, Coherence, Polarization)	p. 147
Ne-Like Yttrium Laser	p. 160
Ne-Like Silver Laser	p. 162
Ni-Like Ion Lasers	p. 162
Pumping with Prepulses	p. 163
General Characteristics of Prepulse Influence on Pumping	p. 164
Prepulsed Ne-Like Zinc Laser	p. 171
Prepulsed Ne-Like Germanium Laser	p. 176
Ne-Like Lasers with Low Z Elements	p. 178
Prepulsed Ni-Like Lasers: Sn, Sm, Dy, Pd, Ag	p. 182
Transient Collisional Excitation (TCE) Scheme of Pumping	p. 193
Traveling Wave Implementation	p. 196
TCE Ne-Like Titanium Laser (32.63 nm)	p. 201
TCE Ne-Like Iron Laser (25.5 nm)	p. 205
TCE Ni-Like Tin Laser (11.9 nm)	p. 205
TCE Ni-Like Germanium Laser (19.6 nm)	p. 207
TCE Ni-Like Molybdenum Laser (18.9 nm)	p. 208
TCE Ni-Like Silver Laser (13.9 nm)	p. 211
Fast Capillary Discharge X-Ray Laser	p. 215
Discharge Characteristics	p. 216
Small-Signal Gain, Saturation, and Output of the Ne-Like Argon Laser	p. 218
Coherence	p. 222
New Lasing Materials	p. 223
Optical-Field-Ionization Lasers	p. 224
Recombination Lasers	p. 235
Long Pump Pulses	p. 235
Hydrogen-Like Ions	p. 236
Lithium-Like Ions	p. 244
Gain-Length Product Limitation	p. 250
Short and Ultrashort Pump Pulses	p. 251
Schemes for Future Soft X-Ray Lasers	p. 255
Inner Shell Photopumping	p. 255
Free Electron Lasers	p. 256
References	p. 257
High Harmonic Generation
Introduction	p. 277
Survey of the Theoretical Background	p. 281
Atoms in Strong Field	p. 281
Phase-Matching	p. 286
General Characteristics of High-Order Harmonic Emission	p. 291
Coherence	p. 291
Coherence Control	p. 291
Spatial Coherence Measurements	p. 294
Temporal Coherence	p. 300
Conversion Efficiency	p. 303
Scaling Law in the Plateau Region	p. 304
Influence of Atomic Density	p. 305
Influence of the Length of the Pumped Medium	p. 308
Influence of the Diameter of Apertured Beam	p. 311
Phase-Matching by Wave Guiding	p. 311
Emitters of Complex Structure: Molecules, Clusters, Solid-Vacuum Interfaces	p. 316
Two-Color High Harmonic Generation	p. 331
Tunability	p. 339
References	p. 344
A Survey of Coherent XUV Sources Applications
Introduction	p. 353
Interferometry of Laser-Created Plasma	p. 354
Interferometry and Shadography of Exploding Wire Plasma	p. 357
Reflectometry of Solid Materials	p. 359
Time-Resolution About 100 Picoseconds	p. 361
Characterization of Dense Plasmas	p. 361
Density Measurements up to <$$$> 10²¹ Electrons cm^-3	p. 361
Colliding Plasmas	p. 363
Soft X-Ray Radiographic Probing of Laser-Irradiated Thin Si Foils	p. 364
Atomic Physics	p. 366
Lifetime Measurement of Excited He States	p. 366
Absolute Photo-Ionization Cross-Section of Excited He-States	p. 367
Material Properties	p. 369
Snapshots of Intense Electric Field Effects on Metal Surface	p. 369
CsI Crystal Luminescence Induced by Very Intense XUV Flux	p. 373
Production of Highly Focused XUV Beams	p. 374
Method of Wave Front Characterization	p. 375
Measurement of the Spatial Intensity Distribution of a Soft X-Ray Laser Beam	p. 376
Time-Resolution About One Picosecond	p. 379
Picosecond X-Ray Laser Interferometry	p. 379
Material Probe at the Picosecond Scale	p. 381
Study of the Surface Domain-Structure of Ferroelectric BaTiO₃	p. 381
Time-Resolved Measurement of Material Scintillation	p. 383
Single-Shot Probe of Photoelectron Emission	p. 384
Subfemtosecond Time-Resolution	p. 387
Frequency-Domain Interferometry Applied to Electron-Density Measurements	p. 387
Generation of Attosecond Pulses	p. 391
Future Prospects	p. 395
Nonlinear XUV Optics	p. 395
Microlithography	p. 395
Biological Applications	p. 396
References	p. 397
Index	p. 403
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Springer Optical Sciences

Soft X-Ray Lasers and High-Order Harmonic Generation

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Hardcover

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