| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Spectroscopy in the Terahertz Spectral Region | p. 39 |
| Introduction | p. 39 |
| Radiation and Matter | p. 40 |
| What Phenomena Fall in this Energy Range? | p. 40 |
| Gases | p. 41 |
| Liquids and Solids | p. 43 |
| Applications and Impact of Terahertz Spectroscopy | p. 43 |
| Theoretical Underpinnings | p. 45 |
| Absorption Strengths | p. 45 |
| Energy Levels and Transitions Frequencies | p. 47 |
| The Character of Rotational Spectra | p. 47 |
| Rotation-Vibration Spectra | p. 49 |
| Spectroscopic Techniques and Results | p. 51 |
| Harmonic Generation | p. 53 |
| Sources Based on Mixing of Optical Sources | p. 61 |
| Tunable Sideband Sources | p. 65 |
| Electron Beam Sources | p. 68 |
| Femtosecond Sources | p. 73 |
| Applications | p. 76 |
| Atmospheric Spectroscopy | p. 76 |
| Microwave-Like Instruments | p. 78 |
| Infrared-Like Instruments | p. 85 |
| Astronomical Spectroscopy | p. 87 |
| Some Telescope Facilities | p. 90 |
| Two Representative THz Telescopes | p. 90 |
| Examples of Other Results | p. 99 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 107 |
| References | p. 107 |
| Terahertz Imaging | p. 117 |
| Introduction | p. 117 |
| Key Components of a THz Imaging System | p. 118 |
| The Femtosecond Laser Source | p. 119 |
| Optical Delay Line | p. 119 |
| Terahertz Optoelectronic Switches | p. 120 |
| Terahertz Beam Optics | p. 123 |
| Polarization of the THz Beam | p. 128 |
| Signal Acquisition | p. 129 |
| Data Processing | p. 130 |
| Imaging with THz-TDS | p. 131 |
| Amplitude and Phase Imaging | p. 132 |
| Terahertz Imaging of Liquid Water | p. 137 |
| Processing for Amplitude and Phase Imaging | p. 139 |
| Reflection Imaging | p. 139 |
| Burn Diagnostics | p. 141 |
| Terahertz Tomography: The Third Dimension | p. 143 |
| Interferometric Tomography | p. 145 |
| Future Prospects | p. 149 |
| References | p. 149 |
| Free-Space Electro-Optic Techniques | p. 155 |
| Introduction | p. 155 |
| Generation | p. 155 |
| Detection | p. 159 |
| Measurement Principle | p. 161 |
| Measurement of Coherent Mid-Infrared Fields | p. 165 |
| Parallel Measurement: Chirped-Pulse Measurement | p. 165 |
| Parallel Measurement: Terahertz Streak Camera | p. 168 |
| Parallel Measurement: 2D Imaging | p. 171 |
| Near-Field Terahertz Imaging | p. 174 |
| Detection Geometry and Working Conditions | p. 175 |
| Comparison Between Photoconductive Sampling and EO Sampling | p. 177 |
| EO Sampling for Continuous-Wave Terahertz Beams | p. 178 |
| Applications | p. 178 |
| Dynamics of Interaction of Lattice with Infrared Photons | p. 178 |
| Spatiotemporal Coupling of Few-Cycle Pulses | p. 180 |
| Point Scanning Terahertz Imaging | p. 182 |
| Electro-Optic Terahertz Transceiver | p. 185 |
| Compact System | p. 186 |
| References | p. 187 |
| Photomixers for Continuous-Wave Terahertz Radiation | p. 193 |
| Introduction | p. 193 |
| Demonstrated CW Technology for Terahertz Generation | p. 194 |
| Photomixers: Principle of Operation | p. 194 |
| Overview of Operation | p. 195 |
| Lifetime of Carriers | p. 198 |
| Lifetime Modified by Electric Field Profile | p. 201 |
| External Quantum Efficiency | p. 202 |
| Thermal Limits | p. 205 |
| Improved Thermal Designs: Thin LTG GaAs on AlAs | p. 207 |
| Improved Thermal Designs: Optically Resonant Cavity (DBR) | p. 208 |
| Trade-offs for Enhanced Output Power | p. 209 |
| Proven High-Power Methods | p. 211 |
| Planar Antennas and Circuitry | p. 213 |
| Electrode Capacitance | p. 213 |
| Log-Spiral | p. 215 |
| Single Full-Wave Dipoles | p. 215 |
| Dual-Antenna Elements | p. 216 |
| Dual-Dipole Elements | p. 216 |
| Graphical Design Procedure | p. 218 |
| Dual-Slot Elements | p. 220 |
| Distributed Photomixers | p. 221 |
| Hyperhemisphere Lens | p. 222 |
| Photomixer Design and Examples | p. 224 |
| Dual-Dipole Results | p. 224 |
| Practical Measurement Issues and Power Calibration Difficulties | p. 226 |
| Maximum Power Limitations | p. 227 |
| Applications | p. 230 |
| Local Oscillators | p. 230 |
| Transceivers | p. 230 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 233 |
| References | p. 233 |
| Applications of Optically Generated Terahertz Pulses to Time Domain Ranging and Scattering | p. 237 |
| Introduction | p. 237 |
| Perspective | p. 237 |
| Theory | p. 238 |
| Measurements | p. 241 |
| Outline | p. 244 |
| Experiment | p. 244 |
| Overview of Experimental Configurations | p. 244 |
| Generation and Detection of Terahertz Electromagnetic Transients | p. 246 |
| Terahertz Beam Optics for Target Illumination | p. 251 |
| Targets | p. 254 |
| Scattered Radiation | p. 255 |
| Bistatic Range | p. 256 |
| Theory | p. 257 |
| Scaling of Maxwell's Equations in Terahertz Impulse Ranging | p. 258 |
| Transfer Function Description of Terahertz Impulse Ranging System | p. 259 |
| Calculation in Time and Frequency | p. 262 |
| Calculation of Scattering Coefficients | p. 264 |
| Cylinders | p. 264 |
| Spheres | p. 265 |
| Measurements | p. 267 |
| Conducting and Dielectric Cylinders | p. 267 |
| Dielectric Spheres | p. 272 |
| Data Analysis and the Geometrical Optics Model | p. 273 |
| Angularly Resolved Scattering Measurements | p. 281 |
| Gouy Phase Shift | p. 285 |
| Realistic Targets | p. 287 |
| Summary and Future Directions | p. 289 |
| References | p. 290 |
| Bio-medical Applications of THz Imaging | p. 295 |
| Introduction | p. 295 |
| Some General Remarks Regarding Biomedical Imaging | p. 295 |
| The Closure of the Terahertz Gap | p. 297 |
| Description of the Terahertz Imaging Setup | p. 298 |
| Dendrochronology: Density Mapping of Wood | p. 300 |
| Plant Physiology: Monitoring the Water Flow in Plants | p. 303 |
| Clematis | p. 305 |
| Mimosa | p. 307 |
| Medical Imaging on Histopathological Samples | p. 308 |
| Time-Domain Imaging | p. 309 |
| Continuous-Wave Imaging | p. 311 |
| Conclusion | p. 312 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 312 |
| References | p. 313 |
| Electronic Sources and Detectors for Wideband Sensing in the Terahertz Regime | p. 317 |
| Introduction | p. 317 |
| Dual-Source Interferometer | p. 320 |
| Description of DSI | p. 321 |
| Analysis of Dual-Source Interferometer | p. 322 |
| DSI Results from Dual-Source Interferometer | p. 324 |
| Reflection Spectroscopy | p. 325 |
| Coherent Signal Generation with Scanned Delay Lines | p. 328 |
| Conclusions | p. 331 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 331 |
| References | p. 331 |
| Index | p. 335 |
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