| Acknowledgments | p. xi |
| Acronyms and Abbreviations | p. xiii |
| Units of Measure/Currency Equivalents | p. xv |
| Energy Conversion Factors | p. xvii |
| Executive Summary | p. xix |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| What Is the Knowledge Base? | p. 2 |
| Study Goal and Objectives | p. 2 |
| Principles for a Rural Energy Strategy | p. 3 |
| Study Method | p. 4 |
| Survey Instruments | p. 5 |
| Structure of This Report | p. 9 |
| Household Energy Use | p. 11 |
| General Consumption Patterns | p. 11 |
| Energy for Cooking | p. 13 |
| Energy for Lighting | p. 15 |
| Summing Up | p. 16 |
| Household Energy Demand | p. 19 |
| Expenditure Patterns | p. 19 |
| Cooking Energy: Biomass and Its Opportunity Cost | p. 21 |
| Lighting Energy | p. 22 |
| Asset Ownership Patterns | p. 25 |
| Demand for Other Energy: Quantitative Analysis | p. 28 |
| Summing Up | p. 32 |
| Household Gains from Energy Use | p. 33 |
| Biomass Cooking: From Traditional to Modern Energy | p. 33 |
| From Kerosene to Electric Lighting | p. 39 |
| From Manual to Mechanized Farming | p. 42 |
| Overall Income Gains: Moving Up the Energy Ladder | p. 44 |
| Summing Up | p. 48 |
| Energy Consumption and Rural Production | p. 51 |
| Enterprise Types and Distribution | p. 51 |
| Growth-Center Microenterprises | p. 52 |
| Home and Village Enterprises | p. 59 |
| Enterprise Energy Demand and Profitability: A Quantitative Analysis | p. 62 |
| Energy for Farming | p. 64 |
| Summing Up | p. 67 |
| Institutional Framework for Rural Energy Supply | p. 69 |
| Institutional Challenges and Potential | p. 69 |
| Building an Integrated Approach | p. 76 |
| Policy Recommendations | p. 79 |
| Problems and Potential of Biomass Energy | p. 80 |
| Rural Electrification and Rural Development | p. 86 |
| Toward Policies for Household Petroleum Fuels | p. 89 |
| Enhancing Rural Energy Projects, Policies, and Strategies | p. 91 |
| The Way Forward | p. 93 |
| Annexes | |
| Selected Tables from the Household Survey | p. 97 |
| Statistical Models | p. 125 |
| Consumer's Surplus as a Measure of Welfare | p. 133 |
| References | p. 137 |
| Glossary | p. 139 |
| List of Special Reports | p. 141 |
| List of Boxes | |
| What Are the Benefits of Rural Energy? | p. 5 |
| Modern Energy Benefits for Rural Families | p. 16 |
| List of Figures | |
| Energy Use and Expenditures in Rural Bangladesh, 2004 | p. xxiii |
| Types and Sources of Energy Demand | p. 4 |
| Map of Survey Areas in Bangladesh | p. 7 |
| Rural Household Consumption by Source (percent energy consumption) | p. 14 |
| Energy Expenditure Distribution by Energy Source (percent expenditure) | p. 20 |
| Household Biomass Collection Time by Income Quintile (thousands of Tk per year) | p. 22 |
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