Recent Developments in Alcoholism

I. The Role of Genetics in the Expression of Alcoholism Henri Begleiter, Section Editor.- Overview.- 1 Genetic Markers and Alcoholism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Blood Groups and Serum Proteins.- 2.1. The ABO Blood Groups.- 2.2. Other Blood Groups.- 3. ABH Substance Secretion.- 4. Phenylthiourea Taste Sensitivity.- 5. Color Vision.- 5.1. Target Population.- 5.2. Type of Color Vision Test Used.- 5.3. Interpretation of Test Results.- 5.4. Fitness of the Subjects.- 6. Summary.- References.- 2 Twin Adoption Studies: How Good is the Evidence for a Genetic Role?.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Twin Studies of Normal Drinking.- 2.1. The Finnish Study.- 2.2. Incidental and Small Studies.- 2.3. Recent Studies.- 3. Twin Studies of Alcohol Abuse.- 3.1. Kaij's Study.- 3.2. Recent Studies.- 4. Adoption Studies.- 4.1. Roe's Study.- 4.2. The Iowa Study.- 4.3. The Copenhagen Study.- 4.4. Swedish Adoption Study.- 4.5. Half-Siblings.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Pharmacogenetic Approaches to the Neuropharmacology of Ethanol.- 1. Introduction and Basic Considerations.- 2. General Utility of Pharmacogenetic Approaches in Studying the Neuropharmacology of Ethanol.- 3. Feasibility of Utilizing Pharmacogenetics in Animal Model Development.- 4. Principles of Pharmacogenetic Models Used to Study the Neuropharmacology of Ethanol.- 4.1. Inbred Strains.- 4.2. F1 and F2 Populations.- 4.3. Heterogeneous Stocks.- 4.4. Selectivity Bred Lines.- 5. Pharmacogenetic Studies of Ethanol Preference or Voluntary Ethanol Consumption.- 5.1. Inbred Strain Comparison.- 5.2. Selection Studies.- 6. Pharmacogenetic Studies Designed to Generate Animal Models for Acute Actions of Alcohol on the Central Nervous System.- 6.1. Selection for Alcohol-Induced Sleep Time in Mice.- 6.2. Selection Studies for Sensitory to Subhypnotic Acute Ethanol Intoxication.- 7. Selectivity Breeding for Intensity of Alcohol Withdrawal Reactions.- 7.1. General Considerations.- 7.2. Selection for Intensity of Convulsions in Mice following Chronic Ethanol Administration.- 7.3. Selection for Multiple Phenotypes Indicative of Severe and Mild Ethanol Withdrawal Reactions in Mice.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- II. The Behavioral Treatment of Alcoholism Edward Gottheil, Section Editor.- Overview.- 4 How Environments and Persons Combine to Influence Problem Drinking: Current Research Issues.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Environmental Correlates of Adolescent Problem Drinking.- 3. Environmental Correlates of Problem Drinking among Adults.- 4. A Hypothetical Example of a Cross-Sectional Study.- 5. Desirable Features of Research Suggested by This Example.- 5.1. Nonlinear Models of Scoring and/or Data Analysis.- 5.2. Representative Designs.- 5.3. Assessing Person-Environment Units of Analysis.- 6. A Hypothetical Example of a Cross-Sectional Study.- 7. Additional Desirable Features Suggested by This Example.- 7.1. Provision for Potential Multiplicity of Developmental.- Pathways.- 7.2. Causal Models Capable of Reflecting Reciprocal Influences.- 8. Conclusion.- References.- 5 Alcoholism: The Evolution of a Behavioral Perspective.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Animal Models.- 2. Nonmediational Approaches.- 2.1. Classical Conditioning Models.- 2.2. Operant Conditioning.- 3. Mediational Approaches.- 3.1. Drive Reduction: The Tension-Reduction Hypothesis.- 3.2. The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach.- 3.3. Prediction of Excessive Drinking and Relapse.- 4. Concluding Comments.- References.- 6 Behavioral Treatment Methods for Alcoholism.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Behavioral Assessment of Alcoholism.- 2. The Aversion Therapies.- 2.1. Chemical Aversion.- 2.2. Electrical Aversion.- 2.3. Covert Sensitization (Covert Aversion).- 3. Social Skills Training.- 3.1. Marital Skills Training.- 3.2. Assertiveness.- 4. Relaxation and Desensitization.- 4.1. Relaxation.- 4.2. Systematic Desensitization.- 5. Operant Methods.- 6. Broad-Spectrum Behavioral Approaches.- 6.1. Self-Control Training.- 6.2. The Patton Study.- References.- 7 Outcome Studies on Techniques in Alcoholism Treatment.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Outcome: Its Definition and Measurement.- 3. Aversion Therapy.- 3.1. Electrical Aversion.- 3.2. Chemical Agents as the Noxious Stimulus.- 3.3. Verbal Aversion Techniques: Covert Sensitization.- 4. The Application of Operant Procedures to Alcoholism: Contingency Contracting.- 5. Broad Spectrum Behavioral Treatments.- 6. Behavioral and Self-Control Training and Other Cognitive Therapies.- 7. Behavioral Techniques in the Treatment of Alcoholism: An Overview.- References.- 8 Contributions to Behavioral Treatment from Studies on Programmed Access to Alcohol.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Emergence of the Disease Concept.- 3. The Effects of Alcohol: Early Research.- 4. Factors Influencing Drinking Patterns and Valence of Alcohol...- 5. Affective Consequences of Alcohol Consumption.- 6. Social Facilitation and Alcohol Consumption.- 7. Alcoholics versus Nonalcoholics.- 7.1. Social Facilitation.- 7.2. Drinking Parameters.- 8. The Loss-of-Control Hypothesis and the Prospect of a Paradigmatic Shift.- 9. Research on Blood Alcohol Concentration Discrimination Training.- 10. Treatment in the Presence of Alcohol.- 10.1. Drinking and Self-Image Confrontation.- 10.2. The Fixed-Interval Drinking Decisions Program.- 10.3. Restricted Drinking as a Treatment Procedure.- 11. Discussion.- References.- 9 Current Status of the Field: Contrasting Perspectives.- A. The Behavioral Therapist's View.- 1. Perspective.- 2. Summary.- References.- B. The Future of Behavioral Interventions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Specific Techniques.- 2.1. Social Skills Training.- 2.2. Cognitive Therapy.- 2.3. Self-Control Models.- 2.4. Contingency Management and Stimulus Control.- 2.5. Aversive Procedures.- 3. Conclusions.- References.- C. A Medical Clinician's Perspective.- 1. Perspective.- 2. Prospects.- References.- D. An Anthropological Perspective on the Behavior Modification Treatment of Alcoholism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Approaches.- 3. Cultural Factors.- References.- III. Social Mediators of Alcohol Problems: Movement toward Prevention Strategies Alfonso Paredes, Section Editor.- Overview.- 10 Estimating Alcoholic Prevalence.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mortality Methods.- 2.1. The Jellinek Formula.- 2.2. The CSM Formula.- 3. The Consumption Method.- 4. Population Survey Methods...- 5. The Capture/Recapture Method.- 6. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 11 The Role of Alcohol Availability in Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol Problems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Availability of Alcohol.- 3. Definitions of Availability.- 4. Prospects for Theoretical and Methodological Integration.- 5. Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Research.- References.- 12 Price and Income Elasticities and the Demand for Alcoholic Beverages.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Elasticities and Their Measurement.- 2.1. Elasticities Defined.- 2.2. The Estimation of Demand.- 2.3. Some Problems in the Estimation of Demand.- 3. Hypothesis to be Tested.- 4. Demand Estimation Studies.- 4.1. Foreign Studies.- 4.2. United States Studies.- 5. Evaluation of the Results.- 5.1. Price and Income Elasticities.- 5.2. Cross-Price Elasticities.- 5.3. Advertising Elasticities.- 5.4. Some Tax Policy Implications.- References.- 13 Youth, Alcohol, and Traffic Accidents: Current Status.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Research into the Causes.- 3. Attempts to Help.- 4. The Minimum Legal Drinking Age.- 5. Where Do We Go from Here?.- References.- IV. Current Concepts in the Diagnosis of Alcoholism James A. Halikas, Section Editor.- Overview.- 14 Detection, Assessment, and Diagnosis of Alcoholism: Current Techniques.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Detection and Assessment.- 2.1. The National Council on Alcoholism Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism.- 2.2. Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test.- 2.3. Mac Andrew Scale.- 2.4. Mortimer-Filkins Test.- 3. Diagnosis.- 3.1. Essential-Reactive Alcoholism Dimension.- 3.2. Alcohol Use Inventory.- 4. Epilogue.- References.- 15 Types and Phases of Alcohol Dependence Illness.- 1. Definition of Alcoholism.- 2. Methods.- 2.1. Methodological Issues in Studies of Phases of Alcohol Dependence.- 2.2. Developmental Sequence of Alcohol Dependence Symptoms.- 3. Types of Alcoholics.- 3.1. Methodological Considerations in Studies of Types of Alcoholics.- 3.2. Essential and Reactive Alcoholism.- 3.3. Primary and Affective Disorder Alcoholism.- 3.4. Psychiatric Syndrome Groupings of Alcoholic Patients.- 3.5. Personality Trait Groupings of Alcoholics.- 3.6. Life Style, Attitudes,and Habits of Alcoholics.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 16 Neuropsychology of Alcoholism: Etiology, Phenomenology, Process, and Outcome.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Phenomenology.- 2.1. Neuropsychological Characteristics of Alcoholics.- 2.2. Neuropsychological Competence of Nonalcoholic Social Drinkers.- 2.3. Brain-Behavior Correlates.- 2.4. Localization of Cerebral Pathology.- 3. Etiology of Neuropsychological Deficit.- 3.1. Alcoholic Beverage-Induced Neuropsychological Impairment.- 3.2. Antecedent Neuropsychological Characteristics.- 4. Process.- 4.1. Life-Span Effects on Neuropsychological Capacity.- 4.2. Consumption Factors.- 5. Outcome.- 5.1. Neuropsychological Recovery.- 5.2. Treatment Outcome.- References.