Preface Chapter 1 Personality Theory: From Everyday Observations to Systematic Theories Questions To Be Addressed In This Chapter Five Goals for the Personality Theorist Why Study Personality? Defining Personality Questions about Persons: What, How, and Why Answering Questions about Persons Scientifically: Understanding Structures, Processes, Development, and Therapeutic Change Structure Process Growth and Development Genetic Determinants Environmental Determinants Psychopathology and Behavior Change Important Issues in Personality Theory Philosophical View of the Person Internal and External Determinants of Behavior Consistency across Situations and Over Time The Unity of Experience and Action and the Concept of Self Varying States of Awareness and the Concept of the Unconscious The Influence of the Past, Present, and Future on Behavior Can We Have A Science Of Personality? What Kind Of A Science Can It Be? Evaluating Personality Theories The Personality Theories: An Introduction The Challenge of Constructing a Personality Theory The Personality Theories: A Preliminary Sketch On The Existence of Multiple Theories: Theories As Toolkits Major Concepts Review Chapter 2 The Scientific Study of People Questions To Be Addressed In This Chapter The Data of Personality Psychology Lots of Data How Do Data From Different Sources Relate To One Another? Fixed Versus Flexible Measures Personality and Brain Data Personality Theory And Assessment Goals of Research: Reliability, Validity, Ethical Behavior Reliability Validity The Ethics of Research and Public Policy Three General Strategies to Research Case Studies Case Studies: An Example Correlational Studies Correlational Research: An Example Experiments Evaluating Alternative Research Approaches Case Studies and Clinical Research: Strengths and Limitations Correlational Research and Questionnaires: Strengths and Limitations Laboratory, Experimental Research: Strengths and Limitations Summary of Strengths and Limitations Personality Theory and Personality Research Personality Assessment and the Case Of Jim Major Concepts Review Chapter 3 A Psychodynamic Theory: Freud s Psychoanalytic Theory Of Personality Questions to Be Addressed In This Chapter Sigmund Freud (1856 1939): A View of The Theorist Freud s View of the Person The Mind as an Energy System The Individual in Society Freud s View of the Science of Personality Freud s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality Structure Levels of Consciousness and the Concept of The Unconscious Id, Ego, And Superego Process Life and Death Instincts The Dynamics of Functioning Anxiety, Mechanisms of Defense, and Contemporary Research on Defensive Processes Growth and Development The Development of the Instincts and Stages of Development The Development of Thinking Processes Major Concepts Review Chapter 4 Freud s Psychoanalytic Theory: Applications, Related Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary Research Questions to Be Addressed In This Chapter Psychodynamic Personality Assessment: Projective Tests The Logic of Projective Tests The Rorschach Inkblot Test The Thematic Apperception Test (Tat) Projective Tests: Do They Work? Psychopathology Personality Types Conflict and Defense Psychological Change Insights into the Unconscious: Free Association and Dream Interpretation The Therapeutic Process: Transference, A Case Example: Little Hans The Case of Jim Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (Tat) Data Comments on the Data Related Theoretical Conceptions and Recent Developments Two Early Challenges to Freud: Adler and Jung Alfred Adler (1870 1937) Carl G. Jung (1875 1961) The Cultural and Interpersonal Emphasis: Horney and Sullivan Reinterpreting Motivational Forces Object Relations Theory Self Psychology and Narcissism Attachment Theory Critical Evaluation Scientific Observation: The Database Theory: Systematic? Theory: Testable? Theory: Comprehensive? Applications Major Contributions and Summary Major Concepts Review Chapter 5 A Phenomenological Theory: Carl Rogers s Person-Centered Theory Of Personality Questions To Be Addressed In This Chapter Carl R. Rogers (1902 1987): A View of the Theorist Rogers s View of the Person The Subjectivity of Experience A Phenomenological Perspective Rogers s View of the Science of Personality The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers Structure The Self Measuring Self-Concept Process Self-Actualization Self-Consistency and Congruence Growth and Development Major Concepts Review Chapter 6 Rogers s Phenomenological Theory: Applications, Related Theoretical Conceptions, And Contemporary Research Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter Clinical Applications Psychopathology Psychological Change Outcomes of Client-Centered Therapy Presence A Case Example: Mrs. Oak The Case of Jim Related Theoretical Conceptions The Human Potential Movement The Positive Psychology Movement Classifying Human Strengths The Virtues of Positive Emotions Flow Existentialism Recent Developments in Theory and Research Discrepancies among Parts of the Self Fluctuations in Self-Esteem and Contingencies of Worth Authenticity and Internally Motivated Goals Self-Determination Theory Cross-Cultural Research on the Self Critical Evaluation Scientific Observation: The Database Theory: Systematic? Theory: Testable? Theory: Comprehensive? Applications Major Contributions and Summary Major Concepts Review Chapter 7 Trait Theories of Personality: Allport, Eysenck, and Cattell Questions To Be Addressed In This Chapter A View of the Trait Theorists Trait Theory s View of the Person The Trait Concept Trait Theory s View of the Science of Personality Scientific Functions Served By Trait Constructs Trait Theories of Personality: Basic Perspectives Shared by Trait Theorists The Trait Theory of Gordon W. Allport (1897 1967) Traits: Personality Structure in Allport s Theory Functional Autonomy Idiographic Research Comment on Allport Identifying Primary Trait Dimensions: Factor Analysis The Factor-Analytic Trait Theory of Raymond B. Cattell (1905 1998) Surface And Source Traits: Personality Structure in Cattell s Theory Sources of Evidence: L-Data, Q-Data, and Ot-Data Stability and Variability in Behavior Comment on Cattell The Three-Factor Theory of Hans J. Eysenck (1916 1997) Superfactors : Personality Structure in Eysenck s Theory Measuring the Factors Biological Bases of Personality Traits Extraversion and Social Behavior Psychopathology and Behavior Change Comment on Eysenck Major Concepts Review Chapter 8 Trait Theory: The Five-Factor Model; Applications and Evaluation of Trait Approaches to Personality Questions to be Addressed in This Chapter The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Research Evidence Analysis of Trait Terms in Natural Language and in Questionnaires The Fundamental Lexical Hypothesis Cross-Cultural Research: Are The Big Five Dimensions Universal? The Big Five in Personality Questionnaires The Neo-Pi-R and Its Hierarchical Structure: Facets Integration of Eysenck s and Cattell s Factors within the Big Five Self-Ratings and Observer Ratings The Five-Factor Theory Growth and Development Age Differences throughout Adulthood Stability and Change in Personality Maybe We Missed One? The Six-Factor Model Applications of the Big Five Model The Case of Jim Factor-Analytic Trait-Based Assessment Personality Stability: Jim 5 and 20 Years Later Self-Ratings and Ratings by Wife On The Neo-Pi The Person Situation Controversy Critical Evaluation Scientific Observation: The Database Theory: Systematic? Theory: Testable? Theory: Comprehensive? Applications Major Contributions and Summary Major Concepts Review Chapter 9 Biological Foundations of Personality Questions To Be Addressed in this Chapter Temperament Constitution and Temperament: Early Views Constitution and Temperament: Longitudinal Studies Biology, Temperament and Personality Development: Contemporary Research Inhibited and Uninhibited Children: Research of Kagan and Colleagues Interpreting Data on Biology and Personality Evolution, Evolutionary Psychology, and Personality Evolutionary Psychology Social Exchange and the Detection of Cheating Sex Differences: Evolutionary Origins? Male Female Mate Preferences Causes of Jealousy Evolutionary Origins Of Sex Differences: How Strong Are The Data? Genes and Personality Behavioral Genetics Selective Breeding Studies Twin Studies Adoption Studies Heritability Coefficient Heritability of Personality: Findings Some Caveats Molecular Genetic Paradigms Environments and Gene Environment Interactions Mood, Emotion, and the Brain Left and Right Hemispheric Dominance Neurotransmitters and Temperament: Dopamine and Serotonin Plasticity: Biology as both Cause and Effect Neuroscientific Investigations of Higher-Level Psychological Functions Summary Major Concepts Review Chapter 10 Behaviorism and the Learning Approaches to Personality Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter Behaviorism s View of the Person Behaviorism s View of the Science of Personality Environmental Determinism and Its Implications for the Concept of Personality Experimentation, Observable Variables, and Simple Systems Watson, Pavlov, and Classical Conditioning Watson s Behaviorism Pavlov s Theory of Classical Conditioning Psychopathology and Change Skinner s Theory of Operant Conditioning A View of the Theorist Skinner s Theory of Personality Structure Process: Operant Conditioning Growth and Development Psychopathology Behavioral Assessment Behavior Change Free Will? Critical Evaluation Scientific Observation: The Database Theory: Systematic? Theory: Testable? Theory: Comprehensive? Applications Major Contributions and Summary Major Concepts Review Chapter 11 A Cognitive Theory: George A. Kelly s Personal Construct Theory Of Personality Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter George A. Kelly (1905 1966): A View of the Theorist Kelly s View of the Science of Personality Kelly s View of the Person The Personality Theory of George A. Kelly Types of Constructs and The Construct System Assessment: The Role Construct Repertory (Rep) Test Unique Information Revealed By Personal Construct Testing Cognitive Complexity/Simplicity Process Growth and Development Clinical Applications Psychopathology Change and Fixed-Role Therapy The Case of Jim Rep Test: Personal Construct Theory Comments on the Data Related Points Of View and Recent Developments Critical Evaluation, Scientific Observation: The Database Theory: Systematic? Theory: Testable? Theory: Comprehensive? Applications Major Contributions and Summary Major Concepts Review Chapter 12 Social-Cognitive Theory: Bandura and Mischel Questions to be Addressed in This Chapter Relating Social-Cognitive Theory to the Previous Theories A View of the Theorists Social-Cognitive Theory s View of the Person Social-Cognitive Theory s View of the Science of Personality Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality: Structure Competencies and Skills Beliefs and Expectancies The Self and Self-Efficacy Beliefs Self-Efficacy and Performance Goals Evaluative Standards The Nature of Social-Cognitive Personality Structures Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality: Process Reciprocal Determinism Personality as a Cognitive-Affective Processing System (Caps) Social-Cognitive Theory of Growth and Development Observational Learning (Modeling) Acquisition versus Performance Vicarious Conditioning Self-Regulation and Motivation Self-Efficacy, Goals, and Self-Evaluative Reactions Self-Control and Delay of Gratification Learning Delay of Gratification Skills Mischel s Delay Of Gratification Paradigm Summary of the Social-Cognitive View of Growth and Development Major Concepts Review Chapter 13 Social-Cognitive Theory: Applications, Related Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary Research Beliefs about the Self And Self-Schemas Self-Schemas and Reaction-Time Methods Self-Based Motives and Motivated Information Processing Learning versus Performance Goals Causes of Learning versus Performance Goals: Implicit Theories Standards of Evaluation Self-Standards, Self-Discrepancies, Emotion, and Motivation A General Principles Approach to Personality Psychopathology And Change: Modeling, Self-Conceptions, And Perceived Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy, Anxiety, And Depression Self-Efficacy and Health, Therapeutic Change: Modeling and Guided Mastery Stress and Coping Ellis s Rational-Emotive Therapy Beck s Cognitive Therapy for Depression The Case of Jim Critical Evaluation Scientific Observation: The Database Theory: Systematic? Theory: Testable? Theory: Comprehensive? Applications Major Contributions and Summary Major Concepts Review Chapter 14 Personality in Context: Interpersonal Relations, Culture, and Development across the Course of Life Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter Interpersonal Relationships Rejection Sensitivity Transference in Interpersonal Relationships Meeting Academic and Social Challenges: Optimistic Strategies and Defensive Pessimism Personality Consistency in Context Personality Development in Socioeconomic Context Personality Functioning Across the Life Span Psychological Resilience in the Later Years Emotional Life in Older Adulthood: Socioemotional Selectivity Persons in Cultures Two Strategies for Thinking about Personality and Culture Personality and Self As Socially Constructed Within Culture Putting Personality in Context into Practice Assessing Personality in Context: A Case Study Personality Processes in Context: Fostering Social Change Summary Major Concepts Review Chapter 15 Assessing Personality Theory and Research Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter On Structures, Processes, Development, and Therapeutic Change Personality Structure Process Growth and Development Psychopathology and Change The Case of Jim How Did They Do? A Critical Evaluation of Personality Theories and Research, Scientific Observation: The Database Theory: Systematic? Theory: Testable? Theory: Comprehensive? Applications A Final Summing Up: Theories as Toolkits Review Glossary References Name Index Subject Index
