The Hippocampus

III. Electrical Activity.- 1. Functional Organization of the Limbic System in the Process of Registration of Information: Facts and Hypotheses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Basic Results and Hypotheses.- 3.1. Hippocampus Regio Inferior (Field CA3), Dorsal Part.- 3.2. Hippocampus Regio Inferior (Field CA3), Ventral Part.- 3.3. Hippocampus Regio Superior (Field CA1).- 3.4. Mammillary Bodies.- 3.5. Anteroventral Thalamic Nucleus.- 3.6. Limbic (Cingulate) Cortex.- 3.7. Entorhinal Cortex.- 3.8. Dentate Fascia.- 3.9. Medial and Lateral Septal Nuclei.- 3.10. Reticular Formation.- 3.11. Descending Influences of the Hippocampus on RF.- 3.12. Descending Influences of the Hippocampus on Septum (Stimulation).- 3.13. Descending Influence of the Hippocampus on Septum (Disconnection).- 3.14. Interaction Among Inputs to the Field CA3.- 3.15. Effects of Disconnection of Reticuloseptal Input.- 3.16. DF Influences on CA3.- 3.17. Influence of CA3 on CA1.- 3.18. General Assumptions About the Mode of Action of the Limbic System in the Process of Registration of Information.- 4. References.- 2. The Electrical Activity of the Hippocampus and Processes of Attention.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Behavior Correlates of ?.- 2.1. An Attempt to Resolve the Adey-Grastyan Controversy.- 2.2. Hippocampal ? and Response Inhibition.- 2.3. Hippocampal ? and the Attention Component of Discrimination Learning.- 2.4. Hippocampal ? and Voluntary Movement.- 2.5. Species Differences in the Behavior Correlates of Hippocampal ?.- 3. Is ? Necessary?.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- 5. References.- 3. Hippocampal Rhythmic Slow Activity and Neocortical Low-Voltage Fast Activity: Relations to Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hippocampal Slow-Wave Activity and Behavior in Rats.- 3. Two Types of Rhythmic Slow Activity in Hippocampus.- 4. Two Neocortical Activating Systems.- 5. Selective Effects of Anesthetics.- 6. Problems of Interpretation of Behavior-Related Brain Activity.- 7. Implications.- 8. References.- 4. Hippocampal Electrical Activity and Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Relationship Between Hippocampal EEG and Behavior.- 2.1. Experiments Which Vary Movement.- 2.2. Experiments Which Vary EEG.- 2.3. Experiments Which Attempt to Dissociate Hippocampal RSA and Responding.- 2.4. Experiments Which Vary Other Behavioral Processes.- 2.5. Discussion of the Data.- 3. Implications for Theories of Hippocampal Function.- 4. References.- 5. The ? Mode of Hippocampal Function.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Behavioral Correlates of ? Activity.- 3. Neurophysiological Basis of the ? Rhythm.- 4. Patterns of ? Rhythm in the Freely Moving Rat.- 4.1. Methods.- 4.2. Results.- 4.3. Discussion.- 5. References.- 6. Some Characteristics and Functional Relations of the Electrical Activity of the Primate Hippocampus and Hypotheses of Hippocampal Function.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Anatomy.- 1.2. Connections.- 1.3. Electrical Activity.- 2. The Behavioral Effects of Hippocampal Lesions.- 3. The Electrical Activity of the Monkey Hippocampus.- 4. Some Characteristics of the Electrical Activity of the Monkey Hippocampus.- 4.1. Functional Significance.- 4.2. A Hypothesis of Hippocampal Function.- 5. References.- 7. Behavioral Correlates and Firing Repertoires of Neurons in the Dorsal Hippocampal Formation and Septum of Unrestrained Rats.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1. ? Cells and Complex Spike Cells.- 3.2. Behavioral Correlates of ? Cells.- 3.3. Behavioral Correlates of Complex Spike Cells.- 3.4. Distribution of the Behavioral Types.- 3.5. Preliminary Results on Related Structures.- 4. Discussion.- 4.1. Generalizations About the Behavioral Correlates.- 4.2. Some Suggested Synaptic Interactions.- 4.3. Global Function of the Hippocampal Formation.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- 6. Addendum: The Use of TV Tapes.- 7. References.- IV. Behavior.- 8. Brainstem-Hypothalamic Systems Influencing Hippocampal Activity and Behavior.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Stimulation of Hypothalamic Sites Having Differential Effects on Hippocampal Electrical Activity.- 3. Stimulation of Brain Stem Sites Having Differential Effects on Hippocampal Electrical Activity.- 4. Behavioral Correlates of Spontaneous and Induced Hippocampal Electrical Activity During Free Behavior and During Operantly Trained Behavior.- 4.1. Studies of Hippocampal Electrical Activity and Free Behavior.- 4.2. Studies of Hippocampal Activity and Operantly Trained Behavior.- 4.3. Effect of Hypothalamic Stimulation on Visually Evoked Potentials.- 5. Septal Mechanisms Mediating Hippocampal ? Rhythm and Desynchronization.- 6. Discussion.- 7. References.- 9. Fractionation of Hippocampal Function in Learning.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Stimulation Studies.- 2.1. Experiment 1.- 2.2. Experiment 2.- 2.3. Summary.- 2.4. Significance.- 2.5. Experiment 3.- 3. Attention.- 4. Consolidation.- 5. Error Evaluation.- 6. Retrieval.- 7. Conclusion.- 8. References.- 10. Choice Behavior in Rats with Hippocampal Lesions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Description of the Lesion.- 3. General Effects of the Hippocampal Lesion.- 4. Situations in Which There Is No Explicit Reinforcement Provided.- 4.1. Spontaneous Alternation.- 4.2. More General "Free" Exploration.- 5. 100% Reinforcement Situations.- 6. Situations in Which the Reinforcement Contingencies Fluctuate.- 7. Situations in Which Reinforcement Is Discontinued: Extinction.- 7.1. Similarity to Findings with Korsakoff Patients.- 7.2. Physiological Mechanisms.- 8. References.- 11. The Development of Hippocampal Function: Implications for Theory and for Therapy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Spontaneous Alternation.- 3. Spontaneous Alternation and the Brain.- 4. Alternation and the Cholinergic System.- 5. The Development of Alternation in the Rat.- 6. Alternation Development in the Guinea Pig.- 7. The Development of Inhibition in Man.- 8. Retarded Development.- 9. Stress and Retarded Development.- 10. ECS and Inhibition.- 11. Early Handling and Enriched Environments.- 12. The Cure.- 13. References.- 12. Amnestic Confusional Phenomena, Hippocampal Stimulation, and Laterality Factors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Background.- 3. Materials and Methods.- 4. Findings.- 5. Discussion.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- 7. References.- 13. Some Analyses of Amnesic Syndromes in Brain-Damaged Patients.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Role of the Hippocampus in Human Memory.- 2.1. Amnesia Following Bilateral Mesial Temporal Ablations.- 2.2. Material-Specific Memory Deficits After Unilateral Temporal Lobectomies.- 3. The Amnesic Syndrome of Alcoholic Korsakoff Patients.- 3.1. Analysis of Long-Term Memory.- 3.2. Analysis of Short-Term Memory.- 3.3. The Role of Interference.- 3.4. The Role of Encoding.- 3.5. The Effect of Semantic Encoding on Proactive Interference.- 3.6. Verbal vs. Nonverbal Processing.- 4. Some Comparisons of the Memory Disorders of Patients with Different Types of Brain Damage.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- 6. References.- 14. The Problem of the Amnesic Syndrome in Man and Animals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Reexamination of the Human Amnesic Syndrome.- 3. Points of Contact with Animal Research.- 4. Theoretical Considerations.- 4.1. The Encoding Hypothesis.- 4.2. The Familiarity Discrimination Hypothesis.- 4.3. The Associative Learning Hypothesis.- 4.4. Interference Hypothesis.- 5. References.- Summary.