Text, Speech and Language Technology

By: Jan C.J. van Kuppevelt (Editor), R.W. Smith (Editor)

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Paperback | 30 November 2003

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The origins of this book arise from the highly successful second SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue that was held in September 2001 in con- junction with Eurospeech 2001. The original workshop proceedings consisted of 29 papers selected from 57 submissions, an exceptionally high number of submissions for a two day workshop. This book includes extended versions of 12 papers originally presented at the workshop. In addition, 4 other invited papers on major themes in discourse and dialogue research are included. There are three main themes addressed by the papers in this collection: (1) corpus annotation and analysis; (2) method- ologies for construction of dialogue systems; and (3) perspectives on various key theoretical issues including communicative intention, context-based gen- eration, and modeling of discourse structure. However, because of the very nature of discourse and dialogue research that often requires researchers to tackle several issues in one piece of work, we have chosen to order the papers alphabetically by author rather than try to create artificial thematic sections. We believe this collection provides a concise yet reasonably comprehensive snapshot of major research themes in discourse and dialogue. We hope that readers will benefit greatly from this collection.

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Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgements	p. xii
Annotations and Tools for an Activity Based Spoken Language Corpus	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
GSLC and Other Goteborg Corpora	p. 4
Storage	p. 5
Description of the Corpus Transcription Standard	p. 6
Tools Which Have Been Developed	p. 7
Types of Quantitative Analysis	p. 9
Types of Qualitative Analysis	p. 11
Conclusions and Future Directions	p. 15
References	p. 16
Using Direct Variant Transduction for Rapid Development of Natural Spoken Interfaces	p. 19
Introduction	p. 20
Characteristics of Direct Variant Transduction	p. 20
Constructing an Application with Example-Action Contexts	p. 21
Context Expansion	p. 23
Recognition, Classification and Matching	p. 25
Dialog Control and Confirmation	p. 27
Experiments	p. 30
Concluding Remarks	p. 33
References	p. 33
An Interface for Annotating Natural Interactivity	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Today's Natural Interactivity Coding Tools	p. 37
The Nite Project	p. 42
Nite Target User Groups	p. 43
General Tool Requirements	p. 44
Annotation User Interface Requirements	p. 47
The Audio-Visual Annotation Interface	p. 52
Conclusion and Future Work	p. 60
Acknowledgements	p. 61
References	p. 61
Managing Communicative Intentions with Collaborative Problem Solving	p. 63
Previous Work	p. 65
A Collaborative Problem-Solving Model	p. 68
Examples	p. 75
Use in Dialogue Systems	p. 79
Conclusions and Future Work	p. 81
References	p. 82
Building a Discourse-Tagged Corpus in the Framework of Rhetorical Structure Theory	p. 85
Introduction	p. 85
Framework	p. 86
Discourse Annotation Task	p. 90
Quality Assurance	p. 93
Corpus Overview	p. 96
Mining the RST Corpus	p. 97
Conclusions and Future Work	p. 108
Acknowledgements	p. 109
References	p. 110
An Empirical Study of Speech Recognition Errors in Human Computer Dialogue	p. 113
Introduction	p. 113
The Speech Recognition Component	p. 116
Integrated Parsing of User Utterances	p. 117
The Dialogue Process	p. 119
From Speech Recognition Errors to Speech Act Recognition Errors	p. 120
Evaluating Robustness to Speech Recognition Errors	p. 126
Conclusion	p. 129
Acknowledgements	p. 130
References	p. 130
Comparing Several Aspects of Human-Computer and Human-Human Dialogues	p. 133
Introduction	p. 133
Our Data	p. 134
Analysis	p. 138
Analysis of Misunderstandings	p. 151
Discussion	p. 155
Conclusions	p. 156
Dialogue Act Tag Set and Examples	p. 156
References	p. 157
Full Paraphrase Generation for Fragments in Dialogue	p. 161
Introduction	p. 161
SHARDS	p. 164
Generation of Fragment Paraphrases	p. 168
An Implemented System for Fragment Resolution and Paraphrase Generation	p. 171
Conclusion and Future Research	p. 179
Acknowledgements	p. 179
References	p. 180
Disentangling Public from non-Public Meaning	p. 183
Introduction	p. 184
Utterer's Content v. Utterer's Plan	p. 188
Clarifying Utterer's Content	p. 190
Why[subscript meta]: an analysis	p. 198
Concluding Remarks	p. 205
References	p. 209
Adaptivity and Response Generation in a Spoken Dialogue System	p. 213
Introduction	p. 213
Interaction Management	p. 215
Dialogue Response Generation	p. 221
Confidence-based Adaptivity	p. 227
Conclusion	p. 232
References	p. 232
On the Means for Clarification in Dialogue	p. 235
Introduction	p. 235
Clarification Forms	p. 238
Clarification Readings	p. 241
Corpus Analysis	p. 243
Conclusions	p. 248
Acknowledgements	p. 250
Corpus Markup Decision Trees	p. 251
References	p. 254
Plug and Play Spoken Dialogue Processing	p. 257
Introduction	p. 258
The CANTONA Plug and Play Demonstrator	p. 261
Device Descriptions: Rules and Hierarchies	p. 264
Plug and Play Response Generation	p. 267
Plug and Play Speech Recognition and Parsing	p. 271
Discussion	p. 278
Acknowledgements	p. 279
References	p. 280
Conversational Implicatures and Communication Theory	p. 283
Introduction	p. 283
Particularized Conversational Implicatures	p. 284
Generalized Conversational Implicatures	p. 293
References	p. 301
Reconciling Control and Discourse Structure	p. 305
Introduction	p. 305
Discourse Structure and Control Analysis	p. 307
Relationship between Control and Discourse Structure	p. 313
Reconciling Control inside Discourse Segments	p. 315
Conclusion	p. 320
Future Work	p. 320
Acknowledgements	p. 321
References	p. 322
The Information State Approach to Dialogue Management	p. 325
Introduction	p. 325
The Information State Approach	p. 328
A Multi-level Architecture for Reusable Dialogue Management	p. 334
TrindiKit: A Dialogue Move Engine Toolkit	p. 336
Implementations using TrindiKit	p. 339
Reusing Dialogue Management Components	p. 346
References	p. 350
Visualizing Spoken Discourse	p. 355
Introduction: Interruptions and Dialogue	p. 355
Research Goals and Procedures	p. 356
Prosodic Characteristics of Interruptions	p. 357
Implications for Dialogue Systems	p. 375
Conclusion	p. 377
Acknowledgements	p. 377
References	p. 377
Appendix	p. 378
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