Preface xi
1 Introduction to System Engineering 1
1.1 Definition of a System / 2
1.1.1 The Characteristics of a System / 2
1.1.2 Categories of Systems / 5
1.1.3 System of Systems (SOS) / 8
1.2 The Current Environment: Some Challenges / 9
1.3 The Need for System Engineering / 15
1.3.1 The System Life Cycle / 16
1.3.2 Definition of System Engineering / 18
1.3.3 Requirements for System Engineering / 25
1.3.4 System Architecture / 26
1.3.5 System Science / 26
1.3.6 System Analysis / 27
1.3.7 Some Additional System Models / 28
1.3.8 System Engineering in the Life Cycle (Some Applications) / 32
1.4 Related Terms and Definitions / 34
1.4.1 Concurrent/Simultaneous Engineering / 35
1.4.2 Some Major Supporting Design Disciplines / 36
1.4.3 Logistics and Supply-Chain Management (SCM) / 38
1.4.4 Integrated System Maintenance and Support / 40
1.4.5 Data and Information Management / 43
1.4.6 Configuration Management (CM) / 44
1.4.7 Total Quality Management (TQM) / 45
1.4.8 Total System Value and Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) / 45
1.4.9 Some Additional Terms And Definitions / 46
1.5 System Engineering Management / 47
1.6 Summary / 51
Questions and Problems / 51
2 The System Engineering Process 53
2.1 Definition of the Problem (Current Deficiency) / 55
2.2 System Requirements (Needs Analysis) / 56
2.3 System Feasibility Analysis / 57
2.4 System Operational Requirements / 59
2.5 The Logistics and Maintenance Support Concept / 62
2.6 Identification and Prioritization of Technical Performance Measures (TPMs) / 69
2.7 Functional Analysis / 74
2.7.1 Functional Flow Block Diagrams (FFBDs) / 77
2.7.2 Operational Functions / 80
2.7.3 Maintenance and Support Functions / 80
2.7.4 Application of Functional Analysis / 81
2.7.5 Interfaces with Other Systems in a SOS Configuration / 88
2.8 Requirements Allocation / 90
2.8.1 Functional Packaging and Partitioning / 90
2.8.2 Allocation of System-Level Requirements to the Subsystem Level and Below / 92
2.8.3 Traceability of Requirements (Top-Down/Bottom-Up) / 95
2.8.4 Allocation of Requirements in a SOS Configuration / 95
2.9 System Synthesis, Analysis, and Design Optimization / 97
2.10 Design Integration / 105
2.11 System Test and Evaluation / 108
2.11.1 Categories of Test and Evaluation / 110
2.11.2 Integrated Test Planning / 112
2.11.3 Preparation for Test and Evaluation / 113
2.11.4 Test Performance, Data Collection, Analysis, and Validation / 115
2.11.5 System Modifications / 115
2.12 Production and/or Construction / 117
2.13 System Operational Use and Sustaining Support / 118
2.14 System Retirement and Material Recycling/Disposal / 120
2.15 Summary / 121
Questions and Problems / 122
3 System Design Requirements 125
3.1 Development of Design Requirements and Design-To Criteria / 128
3.2 Development of Specifications / 129
3.3 The Integration of System Design Activities / 135
3.4 Selected Design Engineering Disciplines / 139
3.4.1 Software Engineering / 139
3.4.2 Reliability Engineering / 144
3.4.3 Maintainability Engineering / 159
3.4.4 Human-Factors Engineering / 174
3.4.5 Safety Engineering / 185
3.4.6 Security Engineering / 187
3.4.7 Manufacturing and Production Engineering / 189
3.4.8 Logistics and Supportability Engineering / 191
3.4.9 Disposability Engineering / 199
3.4.10 Quality Engineering / 200
3.4.11 Environmental Engineering / 204
3.4.12 Value/Cost Engineering (Life-Cycle Costing) / 207
3.5 SOS Integration and Interoperability Requirements / 215
3.6 Summary / 216
Questions and Problems / 219
4 Engineering Design Methods and Tools 223
4.1 Conventional Design Practices / 225
4.2 Analytical Methods / 228
4.3 Information Technology, the Internet, and Emerging Technologies / 229
4.4 Current Design Technologies and Tools / 231
4.4.1 The Use of Simulation in System Engineering / 235
4.4.2 The Use of Rapid Prototyping / 235
4.4.3 The Use of Mock-Ups / 236
4.5 Computer-Aided Design (CAD) / 237
4.6 Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) / 245
4.7 Computer-Aided Support (CAS) / 246
4.8 Summary / 248
Questions and Problems / 249
5 Design Review and Evaluation 251
5.1 Design Review and Evaluation Requirements / 252
5.2 Informal Day-to-Day Review and Evaluation / 256
5.3 Formal Design Reviews / 262
5.3.1 Conceptual Design Review / 264
5.3.2 System Design Reviews / 265
5.3.3 Equipment/Software Design Reviews / 266
5.3.4 Critical Design Review / 267
5.4 The Design Change and System Modification Process / 269
5.5 Supplier Review and Evaluation / 272
5.6 Summary / 274
Questions and Problems / 274
6 System Engineering Program Planning 275
6.1 System Engineering Program Requirements / 278
6.1.1 The Need for Early System Planning / 278
6.1.2 Determination of Program Requirements / 280
6.2 System Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) / 282
6.2.1 Statement of Work / 285
6.2.2 Definition of System Engineering Functions and Tasks / 286
6.2.3 System Engineering Organization / 293
6.2.4 Development of a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) / 296
6.2.5 Specification/Documentation Tree / 303
6.2.6 Technical Performance Measures (TPM) / 309
6.2.7 Development of Program Schedules / 310
6.2.8 Preparation of Cost Projections / 324
6.2.9 Program Technical Reviews and Audits / 328
6.2.10 Program Reporting Requirements / 329
6.3 Determination of Outsourcing Requirements / 332
6.3.1 Identification of Potential Suppliers / 334
6.3.2 Development of a Request for Proposal (RFP) / 336
6.3.3 Review and Evaluation of Supplier Proposals / 337
6.3.4 Selection of Suppliers and Contract Negotiation / 344
6.3.5 Supplier Monitoring and Control / 351
6.4 Integration of Design Specialty Plans / 353
6.5 Interfaces with Other Program Activities / 355
6.5.1 Interface Management / 359
6.6 Management Methods/Tools / 360
6.7 Risk Management Plan / 361
6.8 Global Applications/Relationships / 366
6.9 Summary / 367
Questions and Problems / 369
7 Organization for System Engineering 372
7.1 Developing the Organizational Structure / 373
7.2 Customer, Producer, and Supplier Relationships / 374
7.3 Customer Organization and Functions / 376
7.4 Producer Organization and Functions (the Contractor) / 378
7.4.1 Functional Organization Structure / 379
7.4.2 Product-Line/Project Organization Structure / 383
7.4.3 Matrix Organizational Structure / 384
7.4.4 Integrated Product and Process Development (IPPD) / 387
7.4.5 Integrated Product/Process Teams (IPTs) / 389
7.4.6 System Engineering Organization / 390
7.5 Tailoring the Process / 396
7.5.1 Tailoring the Process / 400
7.5.2 Middle-Out Approach / 401
7.5.3 Managing from the Middle / 404
7.6 Supplier Organization and Functions / 406
7.6.1 Mapping Organization and Systems Structures / 409
7.7 Human Resource Requirements / 411
7.7.1 Creating the Proper Organizational Environment / 411
7.7.2 Leadership Characteristics / 414
7.7.3 The Needs of the Individual / 415
7.7.4 Staffing the Organization / 419
7.7.5 Personnel Development and Training / 421
7.8 Summary / 423
Questions and Problems / 424
8 System Engineering Program Evaluation 426
8.1 Evaluation Requirements / 428
8.2 Benchmarking / 428
8.3 Evaluation of the System Engineering Organization / 431
8.4 Program Reporting, Feedback, and Control / 437
8.5 Summary / 438
Questions and Problems / 439
Appendix A Functional Analysis (Case-Study Examples) 440
Appendix B Cost Process and Models 447
Appendix C Selected Case Studies (Nine Examples) 481
Appendix D Design Review Checklist 529
Appendix E Supplier Evaluation Checklist 530
Appendix F Selected Bibliography 531
Index 539
