Sustainable Polygeneration based on Carbon Capture and Utilisation

Foreword xii
Preface xiv
Nomenclature xvi
Before You Start Reading xxxiii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Carbon Dioxide 2
1.2 Conversion Processes 7
1.3 Polygeneration 10
1.4 Structure 12

2 Energy Conversion Processes 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Solid Fuels 21

3 Combustion 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Technologies and Processes 40
3.3 Thermodynamic Cycle 78
3.4 Pollutant Emissions 90

4 Gasification 111
4.1 Introduction 111
4.2 Technologies and Processes 113
4.3 Product Gas Purification and Conditioning 150
4.4 Syngas Conversion Technologies 162

5 Other Conversion Technologies 205
5.1 Pyrolysis 205
5.2 Hydrothermal Process 210
5.3 Steam Reforming 212

6 Semi-industrial Scale Conversion Experiments 223
6.1 Introduction 223
6.2 Combustion 223
6.3 Gasification 240

7 Carbon Capture, Storage/Utilisation 259
7.1 Introduction 259
7.2 CO2 Transportation 274
7.3 CO2 Storage/Utilisation 275

8 Pre-combustion Carbon Capture 283
8.1 Introduction 283
8.2 Conversion Processes 284
8.3 Carbon Capture Methods 285

9 Post-combustion Carbon Capture 311
9.1 Introduction 311
9.2 Carbon Capture Methods 311
9.3 Carbonate-looping Process 323

10 Oxyfuel Combustion 359
10.1 Introduction 359
10.2 Non-cryogenic Processes 363
10.3 Cryogenic Processes 368
10.4 Solar-assisted Oxyfuel Combustion Processes 369
10.5 Technologies Comparison 370
10.6 Chemical-looping Combustion 372

11 Carbon Dioxide Utilisation 399
11.1 Introduction 399
11.2 Technologies and Processes 401
11.3 Technologies Comparison 411

12 Semi-industrial Scale Carbon Capture Experiments 419
12.1 Introduction 419
12.2 Carbonate-looping Process 419
12.3 Oxyfuel Combustion 436
12.4 Absorption-based Carbon Capture Processes 444

13 Sustainability and Polygeneration 449
13.1 Introduction 449
13.2 Conversion Devices and Outputs 455
13.3 Polygeneration with Carbon Capture 471
13.4 Methodologies for Polygeneration Evaluation 472

14 Polygeneration Plants Based on Fossil Fuels 479
14.1 Introduction 479
14.2 Coal-based Polygeneration 480
14.3 Natural Gas-based Polygeneration 496
14.4 Other Fossil Fuel-based Polygeneration 506
14.5 Multiple Fossil-fuels-based Polygeneration 509

15 Polygeneration Systems Based on Renewable Energy 521
15.1 Introduction 521
15.2 Biomass-based Polygeneration 522
15.3 Solar-based Polygeneration 534
15.4 Geothermal-based Polygeneration 537
15.5 Wind-based Polygeneration 540
15.6 Multiple Renewable Energy-based Polygeneration 540

16 Hybrid Polygeneration Plants Based on Renewables and Fossil Fuels 553

17 Numerical Simulation of Polygeneration 567

18 Process Simulation 571
18.1 Introduction 571
18.2 Process Components 573
18.3 Automation Components 584
18.4 Electrical Components 593
18.5 Additional Components 596
18.6 Thermal Hydraulic Models 599

19 Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation 619
19.1 Introduction 619
19.2 Single-phase Flow 620
19.3 Two-phase Flow 624
19.4 Turbulence 649

20 Process and Computational Fluid Dynamics Studies 655
Bibliography 662

21 Conclusion 673

Index 679