| Introduction and Background | |
| Introduction | p. 3 |
| Importance of Digital Watermarking | p. 3 |
| Importance of Intelligent Technology | p. 4 |
| Aims and Organisation of This Book | p. 4 |
| Test Images Used in Simulation | p. 6 |
| Note | p. 10 |
| Digital Watermarking Techniques | p. 11 |
| What Is Digital Watermarking? | p. 11 |
| Elements of a Watermarking System | p. 12 |
| Types of Digital Watermarking Techniques | p. 12 |
| Visible and Invisible | p. 12 |
| Detectable and Readable | p. 14 |
| Spatial, Transform, and Quantisation | p. 14 |
| Robust, Semi-Fragile, and Fragile | p. 15 |
| Blind and Non-blind | p. 16 |
| Public and Private | p. 16 |
| Symmetric and Asymmetric | p. 16 |
| Reversible and Non-reversible | p. 17 |
| What Can Digital Watermarking Do? | p. 17 |
| Data Hiding | p. 17 |
| Information Integration | p. 18 |
| Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Protection | p. 19 |
| Ownership Demonstration | p. 19 |
| Tampering Verification | p. 19 |
| Benchmarks and Evaluating Functions | p. 20 |
| Benchmarks | p. 20 |
| Attack Schemes | p. 22 |
| Packages and Tools for Evaluation | p. 25 |
| Summary | p. 26 |
| Intelligent Techniques | p. 27 |
| Introduction | p. 27 |
| Neural Network (NN) | p. 28 |
| The Self-Organising Map (SOM) | p. 28 |
| The Batch-Learning SOM Model | p. 29 |
| Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) | p. 30 |
| Evolutionary Artificial Neural Networks (EANN) | p. 34 |
| Genetic Algorithm (GA) | p. 36 |
| Individual, Chromosome, and Gene | p. 36 |
| Initialization | p. 36 |
| Evaluation | p. 38 |
| Selection | p. 38 |
| Crossover | p. 40 |
| Mutation | p. 40 |
| Convergence Test | p. 41 |
| Tabu Search (TS) | p. 42 |
| Forbidding Strategy | p. 42 |
| Aspriation Criteria and Tabu Restrictions | p. 42 |
| Freeing Strategy | p. 43 |
| Intermediate and Long-Term Learning Strategies | p. 43 |
| Short-Term Strategy or Overall Strategy | p. 44 |
| Best Solution Strategy | p. 44 |
| Termination | p. 44 |
| Summary | p. 44 |
| Intelligent Watermarking | |
| Spatial-Based Watermarking Schemes and Pixel Selection | p. 47 |
| Introduction | p. 47 |
| Watermarking Schemes | p. 48 |
| LSB Method | p. 48 |
| Pixel Surrounding Method | p. 51 |
| Simulation Results | p. 53 |
| Comparison and Discussion | p. 55 |
| Genetic Pixel Selection (GPS) | p. 55 |
| Preprocessing | p. 56 |
| Training Scheme | p. 57 |
| Simulation Results | p. 58 |
| Discussion | p. 60 |
| Comparison | p. 61 |
| Summary | p. 62 |
| Discrete Cosine Transform Based Watermarking Scheme and Band Selection | p. 63 |
| Discrete Consine Transform (DCT) | p. 63 |
| DCT-Based Watermarking Scheme | p. 64 |
| Embedding Procedure | p. 66 |
| Extraction Procedure | p. 70 |
| Simulation Results | p. 71 |
| Discussion | p. 72 |
| Genetic Band Selection (GBS) | p. 75 |
| Training Procedure | p. 75 |
| Simulation Results | p. 77 |
| Comparison and Discussion | p. 78 |
| Summary | p. 82 |
| Vector Quantisation Based Watermarking Schemes and Codebook Partition | p. 83 |
| Introduction | p. 83 |
| Vector Quantisation (VQ) | p. 84 |
| Codebook Design | p. 84 |
| Encoding Procedure | p. 85 |
| Decoding Procedure | p. 87 |
| Summary | p. 87 |
| VQ-Based Watermarking Schemes | p. 90 |
| Lu-Sun's Method [52] | p. 90 |
| Jo-Kim's Method [43] | p. 92 |
| Wang et al.'s Method [97] | p. 93 |
| Simulation Results and Comparison | p. 95 |
| Discussions | p. 99 |
| Summary | p. 102 |
| Genetic Codebook Partition (GCP) | p. 103 |
| Training Scheme | p. 103 |
| Simulation Results and Comparisons | p. 105 |
| Discussion | p. 106 |
| Summary | p. 107 |
| Genetic Index Assignment | p. 109 |
| VQ-Based Gray Watermark Coding Procedure | p. 109 |
| Gray Watermark Coding | p. 109 |
| Index Assignment | p. 110 |
| Watermarking Scheme with Index Assignment | p. 111 |
| Genetic Index Assignment (GIA) | p. 112 |
| Steps | p. 112 |
| Details of the GIA Procedure | p. 112 |
| Simulation Results and Comparison | p. 113 |
| Summary | p. 117 |
| Genetic Watermark Modification | p. 119 |
| Watermark Modification | p. 119 |
| Lossless Method | p. 119 |
| Lossy Method | p. 121 |
| Genetic Watermark Modification (GWM) | p. 123 |
| Simulation Results and Comparison | p. 125 |
| Results of Lossless Method | p. 125 |
| Results of Lossy Method | p. 126 |
| Discussions and Summary | p. 127 |
| Hybrid Systems of Digital Watermarking | |
| Watermarking Based on Multiple Description VQ | p. 131 |
| Multiple Description Coding (MDC) | p. 131 |
| Introduction | p. 131 |
| Index Assignment and Inverse Index Assignment | p. 134 |
| MDVQ | p. 136 |
| MDVQ-Based Watermarking Scheme | p. 138 |
| Watermark Embedding | p. 138 |
| Watermark Extraction | p. 140 |
| Codebook Partition | p. 143 |
| Simulation Results | p. 143 |
| Discussion and Summary | p. 148 |
| Fake Watermark Embedding Scheme Based on Multi-Stage VQ | p. 151 |
| Introduction | p. 151 |
| Multi-Stage Vector Quantisation (MSVQ) | p. 152 |
| MSVQ-Based Watermarking Scheme | p. 153 |
| Fake Watermark Embedding System | p. 156 |
| Encryption and Decryption for Watermarks | p. 156 |
| Embedding and Extraction Procedures | p. 157 |
| Simulation Results | p. 158 |
| Summary | p. 161 |
| Watermarking with Visual Cryptography and Gain-Shape VQ | p. 163 |
| Introduction | p. 163 |
| Visual Cryptography | p. 164 |
| Gain-Shape Vector Quantisation (GSVQ) | p. 166 |
| Watermarking Method | p. 167 |
| Modified Splitting Procedure and Stacking Procedure | p. 167 |
| Watermarking Algorithm | p. 169 |
| Simulation Results | p. 171 |
| Summary | p. 172 |
| Summary | |
| Conclusions and Future Directions | p. 175 |
| Conclusions of This Book | p. 175 |
| Future Directions | p. 176 |
| New Watermarking Algorithms | p. 177 |
| New Applications and Utilities | p. 177 |
| Performance Improvement | p. 177 |
| Others | p. 178 |
| References | p. 179 |
| Index | p. 185 |
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