Statistical Design for Research

Tables and Figures.

1. Representation, Randomization, and Realism.

1.1 Three Criteria.

1.2 Four Classes of Variables.

1.3 Surveys, Experiments, and Controlled Investigations.

1.4 Randomization of Subjects Over Treatments and Over Populations.

1.5 Statistical Tests.

1.6 An Ordered List of Research Designs.

1.7 Representation and Probability Sampling.

1.8 Model-Dependent Inference.

2. Analytical Use of Sample Surveys.

2.1 Populations of Elements and Sampling Units.

2.2 Inferences from Complex Samples.

2.3 Domains and Subclasses: Classifications.

2.4 Overview of Subclass Effects.

2.5 Proportionate Stratified Element Sampling (PRES).

2.6 Cluster Sampling.

2.7 Four Obstacles to Representation in Analytic Studies.

3. Designs for Comparisons.

3.1 Substitutes for Probability Sampling.

3.2 Basic Modules for Comparisons.

3.3 Four Modules: Costs, Variances, Bias Sources.

3.4 Five Basic Designs for Comparisons.

3.5 Classification for 22 Sources of Bias.

3.6 Time Curves of Responses.

3.7 Evaluation Research.

4. Controls for Disturbing Variables.

4.1 Control Strategies.

4.2 Analysis in Separate Subclasses.

4.3 Selecting Matched Units.

4.4 Matched Subclasses.

4.5 Standardization: Adjustment by Weighting Indexes.

4.6 Covariances and Residuals from Linear Regressions; Categorical Data Analyses.

4.7 Ratio Estimates.

5. Samples and Censuses.

5.1 Censuses and Researchers.

5.2 Samples Compared to Censuses.

5.3 Samples Attached to Censuses.

6. Sample Designs Over Time.

6.1 Technology and Concepts.

6.2 Purposes and Designs for Periodic Samples.

6.3 Changing and Mobile Populations.

6.4 Panel Effects.

6.5 Split-Panel Designs.

6.6 Cumulating Cases and Combining Statistics from Samples.

7. Several Distinct Problems of Design.

7.1 Analytical Statistics from Complex Samples.

7.2 Generalizations Beyond the Modules of 3.3.

7.3 Multipurpose Designs.

7.4 Weighted Means: Selection, Bias, Variance.

7.5 Observational Units of Variable Sizes.

7.6 On Falsifiability in Statistical Design.

Problems.

References.

Index.