Sleep Apnea

Foreword. Pathogenesis of Apnea. Anatomy/Biomechanics. Anatomical Factors—Insights from Imaging Studies. Biomechanics of the Upper Airway During Sleep. Secondary Changes in Upper Airway Structure and Function. Neural Mechanisms. Sleep-Induced Respiratory Instabilities. Mechanisms of Upper Airway Hypotonia Autonomic Consequences of Arousal from Sleep and Neural Mechanisms of Arousal. Genetics. The Genetics of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome. Studies in Humans. Airway Reflexes—Changes with Sleep. Gender Differences in Sleep-disordered Breathing. Animal Models. Animal Models of Sleep Apnea. Pathogenesis of Consequences of Apnea. Sleepiness. Mechanisms of Sleepiness in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Neuroimaging Studies in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Functional Genomics Approach to Sleepiness. Cardiovascular Consequences. Hypertension in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Other Cardiovascular Consequences of Sleep Apnea. Endocrine. Neuroendocrine Changes in Sleep Apnea. Insulin Resistance in Sleep Apnea. Intermittent Hypoxia. Intermittent Hypoxia and Neurocognitive Function. Intermittent Hypoxia: Mechanisms and Other Neuronal Effects. Diagnosis of Sleep Apnea. Screening for Sleep Apnea. Simplified Diagnostic Tests for Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Sleep Apnea in Specialized Groups. Obstructive Sleep Apnea:  Children Versus Adults. Sleep Apnea in Older Adults. Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy and Effect of Menopause. Treatment of Sleep Apnea. Adherence to CPAP Treatment and Functional Status in Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea. CPAP Therapy:  Results of Randomized Controlled Trials in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Oral Appliance Therapy for Snoring and Sleep Apnea. Upper Airway Surgery for Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Pharmacotherapeutic Trials for Sleep-Disordered Breathing.