| Acknowledgments | p. xi |
| Sex Allocation | p. 1 |
| What Is Sex Allocation? | p. 1 |
| A Potted History | p. 2 |
| Why Is This Book Needed? | p. 8 |
| What Is in This Book | p. 8 |
| What Is Not in This Book | p. 10 |
| How To Read This Book | p. 11 |
| Language and Sex Ratios | p. 12 |
| The Düsing-Fisher Theory of Equal Investment | p. 14 |
| Introduction | p. 14 |
| Fisher's Theory of Equal Investment | p. 15 |
| Darwin to Today | p. 16 |
| Differential Mortality | p. 19 |
| Testing Fisher's Theory | p. 20 |
| Conclusions and Future Directions | p. 31 |
| Interactions between Relatives I: Cooperation and Competition | p. 33 |
| Introduction | p. 33 |
| Basic Theory | p. 34 |
| Local Resource Enhancement | p. 40 |
| Local Resource Competition | p. 53 |
| Conclusions and Future Directions | p. 69 |
| Interactions between Relatives II: Local Mate Competition | p. 73 |
| Introduction | p. 73 |
| Classic Local Mate Competition Theory | p. 74 |
| Empirical Tests of Local Mate Competition Theory across Populations or Species | p. 83 |
| Facultative Adjustment of Offspring Sex Ratios by Individuals | p. 93 |
| Conclusions and Future Directions | p. 107 |
| Interactions between Relatives III: Extended Local Mate Competition Theory | p. 109 |
| Introduction | p. 109 |
| Partial LMC | p. 110 |
| Variable Clutch Size | p. 116 |
| Sibmating and Split Sex Ratios in Haplodiploids | p. 131 |
| Inbreeding Depression | p. 134 |
| Limited Dispersal and Relatedness between Foundress Females | p. 136 |
| Haystacks | p. 140 |
| Asymmetrical Larval Competition | p. 143 |
| Fertility Insurance | p. 143 |
| Variance and Precision | p. 151 |
| Other Population Structures | p. 154 |
| Stochasticity | p. 155 |
| Conclusions and Future Directions | p. 156 |
| Conditional Sex Allocation I: Basic Scenarios | p. 162 |
| Introduction | p. 162 |
| Theory | p. 165 |
| Solitary Parasitoid Wasps and Host Size | p. 167 |
| Maternal Quality in Ungulates | p. 174 |
| Maternal Quality and Related Factors in Nonungulates | p. 182 |
| Mate Attractiveness in Birds and Lizards | p. 187 |
| Environmental Sex Determination | p. 191 |
| Sex Change | p. 198 |
| Conclusions and Future Directions | p. 205 |
| Conditional Sex Allocation II: Population Consequences and Further Complications | p. 210 |
| Introduction | p. 210 |
| Population-Level Patterns | p. 211 |
| Sex Change Complications | p. 225 |
| ESD Complications, Especially in Reptiles | p. 243 |
| Multiple Selective Forces: LMC and Host Size in Parasitoid Wasps | p. 251 |
| Simultaneous Hermaphrodites | p. 254 |
| Conclusions and Future Directions | p. 255 |
| Sex Allocation When Generations Overlap | p. 257 |
| Introduction | p. 257 |
| Exceptional Mortality | p. 258 |
| Exceptional Recruitment | p. 263 |
| Cyclical Models | p. 265 |
| Conclusions and Future Directions | p. 273 |
| Conflict I: Between Individuals | p. 276 |
| Introduction | p. 276 |
| Conflict under Fisherian Selection | p. 277 |
| Conflict under LMC, LRC, and LRE | p. 278 |
| Sibling Conflict in Haplodiploids and Single-Sex Broods | p. 281 |
| Polyembryonic Parasitoids | p. 282 |
| Sex Allocation Conflicts in the Eusocial Hymenoptera | p. 287 |
| Conclusions and Future Directions | p. 311 |
| Conflict II: Sex Allocation Distorters | p. 316 |
| Introduction | p. 316 |
| Classification of Sex Ratio Distorters | p. 317 |
| Case Studies | p. 329 |
| Consequences of Sex Ratio Distorters | p. 344 |
| Conclusions and Future Directions | p. 351 |
| General Issues | p. 353 |
| Introduction | p. 353 |
| The Success of Sex Allocation | p. 354 |
| The Use of Sex Allocation | p. 355 |
| Outstanding Problems | p. 375 |
| References | p. 379 |
| Index | p. 463 |
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