| Forest Inventories - an Overview | p. 1 |
| Focus | p. 1 |
| Objectives | p. 3 |
| A Typology of Forest Inventories | p. 9 |
| Inventory Planning | p. 11 |
| Forest Mensuration | p. 17 |
| Introduction | p. 17 |
| Area Information | p. 18 |
| Forest Area Definitions | p. 18 |
| Assessment of Forest Area | p. 22 |
| Tree Information and Information for Characterizing the Growing Stock | p. 24 |
| Species Identification | p. 24 |
| Diameter at Breast Height and Upper-Stem Diameters | p. 26 |
| Cross-Sectional Area Measurement | p. 35 |
| Height | p. 36 |
| Bark Thickness | p. 44 |
| Tree Form | p. 45 |
| Volume | p. 47 |
| Weight and Wood Density | p. 53 |
| Biomass | p. 54 |
| Quantification of Timber Quality | p. 58 |
| Age | p. 61 |
| Growth and Increment | p. 62 |
| Density | p. 69 |
| Sampling in Forest Surveys | p. 71 |
| Introduction | p. 71 |
| Basic Concepts | p. 71 |
| Population, Samples, and Estimators | p. 71 |
| Probability Sampling | p. 74 |
| Definitions and Notations | p. 76 |
| Properties of Estimators | p. 78 |
| Survey Design and Sampling Design | p. 80 |
| Simple Random Sampling | p. 82 |
| Estimating the Population Mean | p. 83 |
| Sampling Error | p. 83 |
| Confidence Intervals for Sample Estimates | p. 85 |
| Estimating the Population Total | p. 86 |
| Determining Sample Size | p. 87 |
| Sampling for Proportions and Percentages | p. 88 |
| Ratio Estimators | p. 91 |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of SRS | p. 91 |
| Systematic Sampling . | p. 93 |
| Cluster Sampling | p. 97 |
| Two-Stage Cluster Sampling | p. 100 |
| Two-Stage Cluster Sampling for the Estimation of Proportions | p. 104 |
| Two-Stage Cluster Sampling with Stratification of the Primary Units | p. 104 |
| Stratified Sampling | p. 105 |
| Sample Allocation | p. 107 |
| Estimation of Population Means and Totals Under Stratified Sampling | p. 108 |
| Estimation of Proportions Under Stratified Random Sampling | p. 108 |
| Design Effect | p. 109 |
| Poststratification | p. 110 |
| Pros and Cons of Stratified Sampling | p. 111 |
| Two-Phase Sampling | p. 112 |
| Two-Phase Sampling with Regression Estimators | p. 112 |
| Two-Phase Sampling for Stratification | p. 116 |
| Multiphase Sampling | p. 118 |
| Errors in Forest Surveys | p. 120 |
| Non-Sampling inventory errors | p. 122 |
| Nonobservation | p. 122 |
| Measurement Errors | p. 123 |
| Estimating Nonsampling Errors and Bias | p. 125 |
| Selection of Trees on Sampling Units | p. 129 |
| Tree Selection with Fixed-Area Sampling Units | p. 130 |
| Scaling of Individual Tree Data into Sample Plot Values | p. 133 |
| Point Sampling | p. 134 |
| Point Sampling Versus Fixed-Area Plots | p. 140 |
| Sampling at the Forest Edge | p. 141 |
| Sampling on Successive Occasions | p. 143 |
| Continuous Forest Inventory | p. 144 |
| Sampling with Partial Replacement of Sample Plots | p. 147 |
| Estimates for Subpopulations | p. 149 |
| Sampling for Rare and Elusive Populations | p. 150 |
| Adaptive Cluster Sampling | p. 151 |
| Sampling with Probability Proportional to Size | p. 155 |
| Line Transect Sampling | p. 160 |
| Capture-Recapture Sampling | p. 166 |
| Inverse Sampling | p. 167 |
| Double Sampling | p. 168 |
| Composite Sampling | p. 170 |
| Small-Area Estimation | p. 173 |
| Direct Small-Area Estimators | p. 174 |
| Synthetic Small-Area Estimators | p. 175 |
| Composite Small-Area Estimators | p. 176 |
| Model-Based Small-Area Estimation | p. 177 |
| Small-Area Estimation by Block Kriging | p. 182 |
| Empirical Bayesian Methods for Small-Area Estimation | p. 185 |
| k Nearest-Neighbor Prediction | p. 187 |
| Resampling for Nonlinear Inventory Statistics | p. 191 |
| The Bootstrap | p. 192 |
| The Jackknife Resampling | p. 194 |
| The Polya-Urn Resampling Scheme | p. 195 |
| Remote Sensing | p. 197 |
| Introduction | p. 197 |
| Basic Concepts | p. 201 |
| Electromagnetic Radiation | p. 202 |
| The Electromagnetic Spectrum | p. 203 |
| Interactions with the Atmosphere | p. 205 |
| Radiation-Target Interactions | p. 207 |
| Passive and Active Sensing | p. 210 |
| Characteristics and Analysis of Images | p. 211 |
| Image Resolution | p. 212 |
| Image Processing | p. 214 |
| Visual Computer-Aided Interpretation | p. 220 |
| The Instruments and Their Use | p. 224 |
| Coarse Spatial Resolution Sensors | p. 227 |
| Medium and High Spatial Resolution Sensors | p. 227 |
| Very High Spatial Resolution Sensors | p. 229 |
| Hyperspectral Sensors | p. 230 |
| Microwave Sensors | p. 230 |
| Laser Sensors | p. 233 |
| Accuracy Requirements | p. 234 |
| Accuracy of Position and of Classification | p. 236 |
| Testing the Accuracy of Borderlines | p. 237 |
| Geographic and Forest Information Systems | p. 239 |
| Introduction | p. 239 |
| Geographic Information Systems | p. 240 |
| Spatial Data | p. 241 |
| Spatial Analyses | p. 245 |
| Single-Layer Operations | p. 246 |
| Multilayer Operations | p. 251 |
| Pattern Analysis | p. 254 |
| Statistical Measures | p. 254 |
| Study of Spatial Arrangement | p. 255 |
| Spatial Autocorrelation | p. 256 |
| Network Analysis | p. 257 |
| Surface Analysis | p. 258 |
| Organization of Surface Information | p. 259 |
| Spatial Interpolation | p. 259 |
| Grid Analysis | p. 261 |
| Geostatistical Methods | p. 262 |
| Forest Information Systems | p. 269 |
| Methodical Components of Information Systems | p. 273 |
| Multiresource Forest Inventory | p. 277 |
| Introduction | p. 277 |
| Forest Production | p. 278 |
| From Tree Volume to Utilized Timber Volume | p. 278 |
| Access Studies | p. 280 |
| Nonwood Goods and Services | p. 282 |
| Historical Perspective | p. 282 |
| Definition of Nonwood Goods and Services | p. 284 |
| Classification Systems for Nonwood Goods and Services | p. 286 |
| National Nonwood Forest Product Accounting | p. 286 |
| End Use and Plant Use Classifications | p. 287 |
| Classification Based on Life Forms and Plant Parts | p. 288 |
| Classification According to Management Characteristics | p. 288 |
| The Assessment of Nonwood Goods and Services | p. 288 |
| Forest Ecosystems and Biological Diversity[superscript 2] | p. 293 |
| Biodiversity Indicators | p. 298 |
| Assessment of the Forest Edge | p. 299 |
| Sampling Diversity | p. 300 |
| Assessment of Rare Species by Adaptive Cluster Sampling | p. 302 |
| Plant Density Estimation | p. 302 |
| Assessment of Deadwood by Transect Relaskop Sampling and Guided Transect Sampling | p. 303 |
| Landscape Analysis | p. 304 |
| The Theory of Windows | p. 305 |
| Trees Outside Forests | p. 312 |
| Forest Fires | p. 312 |
| Assessment and Modeling of Wildfire Risks | p. 313 |
| Detecting Fires and Emissions | p. 319 |
| Mapping Burned Areas | p. 321 |
| Vegetation Indices and Forest Fires | p. 325 |
| Indices for Danger Assessment | p. 325 |
| References | p. 327 |
| Index | p. 367 |
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