Reference and Computation

An Essay in Applied Philosophy of Language

By: Amichai Kronfeld, John R. Searle (Foreword by)

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Paperback | 5 November 1990

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208 Pages

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22.86 x 15.24 x 1.22

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This book deals with a major problem in the study of language: the problem of reference. The ease with which we refer to things in conversation is deceptive. Upon closer scrutiny, it turns out that we hardly ever tell each other explicitly what object we mean, although we expect our interlocutor to discern it. Amichai Kronfeld provides an answer to two questions associated with this: how do we successfully refer, and how can a computer be programmed to achieve this? Beginning with the major theories of reference, Dr Kronfeld provides a consistent philosophical view which is a synthesis of Frege's and Russell's semantic insights with Grice's and Searle's pragmatic theories. This leads to a set of guiding principles, which are then applied to a computational model of referring. The discussion is made accessible to readers from a number of backgrounds: in particular, students and researchers in the areas of computational linguistics, artificial intelligence and the philosophy of language will want to read this book.

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List of figures	p. xi
Foreword	p. xiii
Preface	p. xix
Methods and scope	p. 1
Internal and external perspectives	p. 2
Referring as planning	p. 7
Philosophical foundations	p. 13
Summary of Chapter 1	p. 15
The descriptive approach	p. 17
The problem of reference	p. 17
The descriptive research program	p. 20
Objections	p. 26
The referential/attributive distinction	p. 26
Away with meanings	p. 28
In praise of singular propositions	p. 30
The status of de re beliefs	p. 32
Identification reconsidered	p. 33
Motivation	p. 33
Summary of Chapter 2	p. 45
First steps	p. 47
Donnellan's distinction(s)	p. 48
Having a particular object in mind	p. 50
A three-tiered model of referring	p. 57
Individuating sets	p. 58
Referring intentions	p. 60
Choice of referring expressions	p. 61
Donnellan's distinction: final chord	p. 62
Summary of Chapter 3	p. 65
Referring intentions and goals	p. 68
Communication intentions	p. 68
The literal goal of referring	p. 71
The discourse purpose of referring	p. 75
Summary of Chapter 4	p. 82
Conversationally relevant descriptions	p. 85
Speaker's reference and indirect speech acts	p. 86
Functional and conversational relevance	p. 91
Descriptions as implicatures	p. 97
Recognizing conversational relevance	p. 100
Speaker's assertion	p. 101
Extensional and intensional justification	p. 102
The meaning of "must"	p. 106
Nonassertives and indefinite descriptions	p. 110
Summary of Chapter 5	p. 113
Thoughts and objects	p. 116
The essential indexical	p. 117
The pragmatics of belief reports	p. 123
A conflict of interest	p. 127
The shortest spy revisited	p. 129
Causality and vividness	p. 132
Individuating sets and the descriptive view	p. 134
Summary of Chapter 6	p. 137
Computational models	p. 141
General principles	p. 141
A Prolog experimental system	p. 144
Formalizing referring effects	p. 149
Mutual individuation	p. 150
Speech acts and rationality	p. 156
Referring and rationality	p. 167
Summary of Chapter 7	p. 172
References	p. 175
Index	p. 181
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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An Essay in Applied Philosophy of Language

At a Glance

Paperback

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