Phosphorus Pollution Control

Author Biography ix

Acknowledgements x

List of Abbreviations xii

1 The Looming Threat of Eutrophication 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Trophic Classes of Water Bodies 3

1.3 The Role of Phosphorus in Eutrophication 4

1.4 Impacts of Eutrophication 7

1.5 The Extent of Eutrophication 8

1.6 Global Climate Change and Eutrophication 10

Further Reading/Resources 10

2 Water Quality Legislation and Policy for Phosphorus Pollution Control 11

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Water Policies to Protect Water Quality from Phosphorus Pollution 13

2.3 Governance of Innovative Technologies for Phosphorus Removal 30

2.4 ETV for Innovative Phosphorus Removal Technologies and Practices 36

3 Phosphorus Removal Methods and Technologies 41

3.1 Introduction 41

3.2 P Removal from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Effluents (MWWTE) 43

3.3 Phosphorus Removal from Residential Wastewater Effluents (Onsite Residential Wastewater and Disposal Treatment Systems) 50

3.4 North American Onsite Wastewater Treatment Market 64

3.5 Agricultural Phosphorus Pollution and Mitigation Measures and Strategies 70

3.6 Phosphorus Removal from Urban Stormwater Runoff 94

3.7 In-Lake Treatment of P 98

4 Phosphorus Recovery Technologies 100

4.1 Introduction 100

4.2 P Recovery from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Effluents 102

4.3 P Recovery from Manure 108

4.4 P Recovery from Alternative Sources - Water and Soil Management Systems 112

4.5 Phosphorus Recovery Regulations 113

4.6 Conclusions 115

References 117

Index 153