X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Foreword xii 

Preface To First Edition xv 

Preface To Second Edition xvii 

Acknowledgments xix 

List Of Constants xx 

List Of Abbreviations xxi 

List Of Symbols xxvii 

Pivotal Timelines xxviii 

SECTION I : Background Concepts & Instrumentation 1 

1 Introduction 3 

1.1 Physical Properties Of Matter & The Societal Impacts Realized 3 

1.2 Surfaces Of Matter & The Technological Impacts Realized 6 

1.3 Surface Science 10 

1.4 XPS & PES 12 

1.5 History Of XPS 15 

1.6 Physical Basis Of XPS 21 

1.7 Sensitivity & Specificity Of XPS 26 

1.8 Summary 28 

References 30 

2 Atomic & Electronic Structure 34 

2.1 The Atom 34 

2.1.1 Atoms & Matter 35 

2.1.2 Electronic Structure Of Atoms 39 

2.1.2.1 Quantum Numbers 41 

2.1.2.2 Stationary-State Notation 42 

2.1.2.3 Stationary-State Transitions & Notation 44 

2.1.2.4 Stationary-State Energies 46 

2.1.2.5 Spin Orbit Splitting 48 

2.1.2.6 Ionization Potentials & Electron Affinities 50 

2.1.3 Bonding & The Electronic Structure In Solids 51 

2.1.3.1 Metal, Semiconductor & Insulator Band Structures 52 

2.1.3.2 Band Bending & Band Alignment 54 

2.2 Summary 58 

References 60 

3 Instrumentation I 62 

3.1 Components 62 

3.1.1 Photon Sources 63 

3.1.2 Photon Filtering & Focusing 73 

3.1.3 Electron Sources 79 

3.1.4 Ion Sources 80 

3.1.5 Electron Extraction & Transfer 83 

3.1.6 Electron Energy Analyzers 84 

3.1.7 Electron Amplification & Detection 91 

3.2 Summary 96 

References 98 

4 Instrumentation II 102 

4.1 Systems 102 

4.1.1 Vacuum 103 

4.1.2 Energy 112 

4.1.3 Imaging 119 

4.1.4 Related Techniques 127 

4.1.5 Automation 142 

4.2 Summary 146 

References 147 

SECTION II : Data Acquisition & Interpretation 152 

5 Data Collection & Quantification 154 

5.1 Analysis Procedures 154 

5.2 Photoelectron Intensities 162 

5.3 Information As A Function Of Depth 175 

5.4 Summary 194 

References 196 

 

6 Speciation & Band-Structure 199 

6.1 Spectral Interpretation 199 

6.2 Band-Structure Measurements 244 

6.3 Scientific Rigor & Reporting 248 

6.4 Summary 250 

References 252 

7 Spectral Simulations 259 

7.1 Computational Methods 259 

7.2 Summary 270 

References 270 

8 Case Studies 273 

8.1 Introduction 274 

8.2 Summary 300 

References 301 

APPENDICES 304 

Appendix A Periodic Table Of The Elements 306 

Appendix B Core Level & Fluorescence Notation 307 

Appendix C Electron Binding Energies 308 

Appendix D Elemental Work Functions 314 

Appendix E Line Shapes 318 

Appendix F Optical Properties 322 

Appendix G Other Spectroscopies/Spectrometries 325 

Appendix H Other Microscopies/Tomographies 337 

Appendix I Reflection/Diffraction Techniques 347 

Glossary Of Terms 350 

Hardware Vendors 360 

Software Suppliers 363 

Index 364