Nanoparticulate Materials - Synthesis, Characterization and Processing

PREFACE xv

LIST OF SYMBOLS xvii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxv

ABOUT THE AUTHOR xxix

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Overview 1

1.2 Nanoparticle-Based Materials 2

1.3 Unique Characteristics 3

1.4 Properties 7

1.5 Key Scientific and Technical Challenges 14

1.6 Applications 16

1.7 Processing Overview 18

1.8 Summary 21

Questions 21

References 21

2 NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS 24

2.1 Introduction 24

2.2 Theory 25

2.3 Gas-Phase Nanoparticle Synthesis 32

2.4 Liquid Nanoparticle Synthesis 53

2.5 Solid Nanoparticle Synthesis 102

2.6 Summary 109

Questions 115

References 116

3 NANOPARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION 128

3.1 Introduction 128

3.2 Size, Shape, and Morphology 130

3.3 Energetics and Global Thermodynamics 144

3.4 Surface Area 146

3.5 Porosity and Pore Size 148

3.6 Structure 150

3.7 Composition 161

3.8 Needs in Nanoscale Characterization 183

3.9 Summary 184

Questions 189

References 189

4 NANOPARTICLE-BASED SUPERSTRUCTURES 195

4.1 Introduction 195

4.2 Top-Down Processes 196

4.3 Bottom-Up Processes 217

4.4 Hybrid 236

4.5 Templating 242

4.6 Three-Dimensional Assembly 252

4.7 Summary 256

Questions 256

References 257

5 NANOPARTICLE-BASED MATERIAL SHAPING 263

5.1 Introduction 263

5.2 Dry Forming Techniques 264

5.3 Semidry Forming Techniques 272

5.4 Wet Forming Techniques 282

5.5 Digital Processing Techniques 304

5.6 Bio-Derived Processes 313

5.7 Summary 316

Questions 319

References 320

6 SINTERING 329

6.1 Introduction 329

6.2 Theories 330

6.3 Characteristics of Nanoparticle Sintering 334

6.4 Porous Nanoparticle Material Sintering 341

6.5 Dense Nanoparticle-Based Material Sintering 359

6.6 Summary 383

Questions 384

References 385

7 MANUFACTURING ISSUES AND EMERGING AREAS 394

7.1 Introduction 394

7.2 Defects and Measurement 396

7.3 Process and Quality Control 401

7.4 Modeling and Simulation 402

7.5 Environmental and Health Concerns 407

7.6 Summary 412

Questions 413

References 413

APPENDIX 1 EXPLANATION OF UNFAMILIAR

NOMENCLATURES 415

APPENDIX 2 PREFIXES IN THE INTERNATIONAL

SYSTEM OF UNITS 425

INDEX 427