PREFACE xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxv
ABOUT THE AUTHOR xxix
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Nanoparticle-Based Materials 2
1.3 Unique Characteristics 3
1.4 Properties 7
1.5 Key Scientific and Technical Challenges 14
1.6 Applications 16
1.7 Processing Overview 18
1.8 Summary 21
Questions 21
References 21
2 NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS 24
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2 Theory 25
2.3 Gas-Phase Nanoparticle Synthesis 32
2.4 Liquid Nanoparticle Synthesis 53
2.5 Solid Nanoparticle Synthesis 102
2.6 Summary 109
Questions 115
References 116
3 NANOPARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION 128
3.1 Introduction 128
3.2 Size, Shape, and Morphology 130
3.3 Energetics and Global Thermodynamics 144
3.4 Surface Area 146
3.5 Porosity and Pore Size 148
3.6 Structure 150
3.7 Composition 161
3.8 Needs in Nanoscale Characterization 183
3.9 Summary 184
Questions 189
References 189
4 NANOPARTICLE-BASED SUPERSTRUCTURES 195
4.1 Introduction 195
4.2 Top-Down Processes 196
4.3 Bottom-Up Processes 217
4.4 Hybrid 236
4.5 Templating 242
4.6 Three-Dimensional Assembly 252
4.7 Summary 256
Questions 256
References 257
5 NANOPARTICLE-BASED MATERIAL SHAPING 263
5.1 Introduction 263
5.2 Dry Forming Techniques 264
5.3 Semidry Forming Techniques 272
5.4 Wet Forming Techniques 282
5.5 Digital Processing Techniques 304
5.6 Bio-Derived Processes 313
5.7 Summary 316
Questions 319
References 320
6 SINTERING 329
6.1 Introduction 329
6.2 Theories 330
6.3 Characteristics of Nanoparticle Sintering 334
6.4 Porous Nanoparticle Material Sintering 341
6.5 Dense Nanoparticle-Based Material Sintering 359
6.6 Summary 383
Questions 384
References 385
7 MANUFACTURING ISSUES AND EMERGING AREAS 394
7.1 Introduction 394
7.2 Defects and Measurement 396
7.3 Process and Quality Control 401
7.4 Modeling and Simulation 402
7.5 Environmental and Health Concerns 407
7.6 Summary 412
Questions 413
References 413
APPENDIX 1 EXPLANATION OF UNFAMILIAR
NOMENCLATURES 415
APPENDIX 2 PREFIXES IN THE INTERNATIONAL
SYSTEM OF UNITS 425
INDEX 427
