| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Development of Multimedia Systems | p. 2 |
| Classification of Media | p. 3 |
| Properties of Multimedia Systems | p. 5 |
| Multimedia Computing | p. 6 |
| Different Aspects of Multimedia | |
| References | p. 9 |
| Questions | p. 9 |
| Multimedia Signals | |
| Audio Fundamentals | p. 11 |
| Characteristics of Sound | p. 11 |
| The Human Auditory System | p. 14 |
| Audio Recording | p. 18 |
| Audio Signal Representation | p. 23 |
| Waveform method | p. 23 |
| Musical Instrument Digital Interface | p. 24 |
| References | p. 30 |
| Questions | p. 31 |
| The Human Visual System and Perception | p. 33 |
| Introduction | p. 33 |
| The Human Visual System | p. 34 |
| Relative Luminous Efficiency | p. 36 |
| Weber's Law | p. 37 |
| Modulation Transfer Function | p. 38 |
| HVS Model | p. 42 |
| Color Representation | p. 42 |
| Three-Receptor Model | p. 42 |
| Color Matching | p. 44 |
| Tristimulus Value | p. 45 |
| Chromaticity Diagram | p. 47 |
| Color Models and Transformation of Primaries | p. 48 |
| NTSC Receiver Primary | p. 49 |
| NTSC Transmission System | p. 50 |
| 1960 CIE-UCS Color coordinates | p. 53 |
| CMY Model | p. 54 |
| Temporal Properties of Vision | p. 54 |
| References | p. 55 |
| Questions | p. 56 |
| Multimedia Data Acquisition | p. 57 |
| Sampling of Audio Signals | p. 57 |
| Sampling of Two-Dimensional Images | p. 63 |
| Anti-Aliasing Filters | p. 67 |
| Digitization of Audio Signals | p. 70 |
| Analog to Digital Conversion | p. 71 |
| Audio Fidelity Criteria | p. 75 |
| MIDI versus Digital Audio | p. 78 |
| Digitization of Images | p. 79 |
| Visual Fidelity Measures | p. 79 |
| References | p. 81 |
| Questions | p. 81 |
| Signal Processing and Compression | |
| Transforms and Subband Decomposition | p. 83 |
| 1-D Unitary Transform | p. 84 |
| 1-D Discrete Fourier Transform | p. 85 |
| 1-D Discrete Cosine Transform | p. 90 |
| Digital Filtering and Subband Analysis | p. 93 |
| Digital Filters | p. 93 |
| Subband Analysis | p. 97 |
| Transforms and Digital Filtering | p. 103 |
| 1-D Discrete Wavelet Transform | p. 104 |
| 2-D Unitary Transform | p. 109 |
| 2-D Discrete Fourier Transform | p. 111 |
| 2-D Discrete Cosine Transform | p. 114 |
| 2-D Discrete Wavelet Transform | p. 116 |
| References | p. 118 |
| Questions | p. 119 |
| Text Representation and Compression | p. 121 |
| Text Representation | p. 121 |
| Principles of Text Compression | p. 124 |
| Statistical Redundancy | p. 124 |
| Probability Density Function and Entropy | p. 125 |
| Shannon's Noiseless Source Coding Theorem | p. 127 |
| Huffman Coding | p. 129 |
| Arithmetic Coding | p. 133 |
| Dictionary-based Compression | p. 137 |
| LZ77 Technique | p. 138 |
| LZ78 Technique | p. 140 |
| Summary | p. 143 |
| References | p. 143 |
| Questions | p. 144 |
| Digital Audio Compression | p. 145 |
| Audio Compression Principles | p. 145 |
| Rate Distortion Function | p. 147 |
| Statistical Redundancy | p. 148 |
| Companding and Expanding | p. 149 |
| Temporal Redundancy | p. 151 |
| Perceptual Audio Coding | p. 156 |
| Audio Compression Standards | p. 158 |
| MPEG-1 Audio Compression Standard | p. 159 |
| MPEG-2 Audio Compression Standard | p. 162 |
| AC Audio Compression Standards | p. 163 |
| Comparison of Compression Algorithms | p. 165 |
| Audio Formats | p. 166 |
| References | p. 166 |
| Questions | p. 167 |
| Digital Image Compression Techniques | p. 169 |
| Principles of Image Compression | p. 169 |
| Low Complexity Compression Techniques | p. 170 |
| Entropy Coding | p. 170 |
| Run-length Coding | p. 171 |
| Predictive Coding | p. 173 |
| Transform Coding | p. 175 |
| Transform Coding | p. 175 |
| Unitary Transform | p. 176 |
| Block Transform | p. 177 |
| Wavelet Coding | p. 179 |
| Comparison of DCT and Wavelets | p. 180 |
| Other Coding Techniques | p. 182 |
| Vector Quantization | p. 183 |
| Fractal Image Compression | p. 184 |
| Image Compression Standards | p. 185 |
| The JPEG Image Compression Standard | p. 186 |
| Baseline Sequential Mode | p. 186 |
| Other JPEG Modes | p. 192 |
| The JPEG 2000 Standard | p. 193 |
| Image Formats | p. 199 |
| References | p. 200 |
| Questions | p. 201 |
| Digital Video Compression Techniques | p. 203 |
| Principles of Video Compression | p. 203 |
| Digital Video and Color Redundancy | p. 204 |
| Temporal Redundancy Reduction | p. 207 |
| Block-based Motion Estimation | p. 209 |
| Fast Motion Estimation Algorithms | p. 214 |
| Video Compression Standards | p. 221 |
| Motion JPEG | p. 222 |
| The MPEG-1 Video Compression Standard | p. 222 |
| The MPEG-2 Video Compression Standard | p. 224 |
| The MPEG-4 Video Compression Standard | p. 226 |
| Video Coding Scheme | p. 228 |
| The H.261 Video Compression Standard | p. 231 |
| H.263, H.263+ and H.26L Standards | p. 231 |
| Comparison of Standard Codecs | p. 232 |
| References | p. 235 |
| Questions | p. 236 |
| Digital Audio Processing | p. 239 |
| Audio Filtering Techniques | p. 239 |
| Audio Equalization | p. 241 |
| Audio Enhancement | p. 245 |
| Noise Suppression by Digital Filtering | p. 246 |
| Spectral Subtraction Method | p. 248 |
| Editing MIDI Files | p. 252 |
| Digital Audio and MIDI Editing Tools | p. 254 |
| References | p. 255 |
| Questions | p. 256 |
| Digital Image and Video Processing | p. 257 |
| Basic Image Processing Tools | p. 257 |
| Image Resizing | p. 257 |
| Cropping | p. 260 |
| Image Enhancement Techniques | p. 261 |
| Brightness and Contrast Improvement | p. 261 |
| Contrast Stretching | p. 262 |
| Histogram Equalization | p. 265 |
| Image Sharpening | p. 266 |
| Digital Video | p. 267 |
| Special Effects and Gradual Transition | p. 269 |
| Wipe | p. 269 |
| Dissolve | p. 272 |
| Fade In/Out | p. 272 |
| Video Segmentation | p. 273 |
| Camera Operations | p. 279 |
| Image and Video Editing Softwares | p. 280 |
| Summary | p. 280 |
| References | p. 281 |
| Questions | p. 282 |
| Multimedia Systems | |
| Analog and Digital Television | p. 283 |
| Analog Television Standards | p. 283 |
| Raster Scanning | p. 285 |
| Color Space for TV Transmission | p. 286 |
| NTSC System | p. 288 |
| PAL System | p. 289 |
| NTSC Television System | p. 291 |
| Channel Assignment | p. 291 |
| NTSC Encoder and Decoder | p. 293 |
| Component and S-Video | p. 295 |
| Digital Television | p. 296 |
| Grand Alliance HDTV Standard | p. 299 |
| References | p. 303 |
| Questions | p. 304 |
| Content Creation and Management | p. 305 |
| Multimedia Authoring | p. 305 |
| Authoring Steps | p. 306 |
| Multimedia Authoring Tools | p. 308 |
| Card/Page-Based Tools | p. 309 |
| Icon-Based Tools | p. 310 |
| Time-Based Tools | p. 311 |
| Object Oriented Tools | p. 312 |
| Multimedia Documents | p. 313 |
| Hepertext and Hypermedia | p. 315 |
| Nonlinear Information Chain | p. 315 |
| Hypertext and Hypermedia Systems | p. 316 |
| Mark-up Languages | p. 317 |
| HTML | p. 318 |
| XML | p. 321 |
| Web Authoring Tools | p. 323 |
| Multimedia Standards | p. 325 |
| The MPEG-7 Standard | p. 326 |
| The MPEG-21 Standard | p. 328 |
| The MHEG Standard | p. 329 |
| Summary | p. 329 |
| References | p. 330 |
| Questions | p. 330 |
| Optical Storage Media | p. 333 |
| Physical Medium | p. 334 |
| Cross-section of a CD | p. 334 |
| Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) | p. 335 |
| Physical Formats and Speeds | p. 336 |
| Playback of CD and DVD | p. 337 |
| CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW | p. 340 |
| Advantages of Optical Technology | p. 342 |
| CD and DVD Standards | p. 342 |
| Video CD and DVD-Video Standards | p. 348 |
| References | p. 350 |
| Questions | p. 350 |
| Electronic Displays | p. 351 |
| Important Display Parameters | p. 351 |
| Cathode-Ray Tube | p. 353 |
| Field Emission Display | p. 355 |
| Plasma Display | p. 357 |
| Liquid Crystal Display | p. 360 |
| Digital Micromirror Display | p. 363 |
| References | p. 365 |
| Questions | p. 366 |
| About the CD-ROM | p. 367 |
| Index | p. 371 |
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