| Preface | p. xiii |
| Acknowledgments | p. xv |
| Antijam Communications and Electronic Countermeasures | p. 1 |
| Antijam Communications | p. 1 |
| Networks | p. 3 |
| Spread Spectrum Technology | p. 5 |
| Low Probability of Detection | p. 6 |
| Low Probability of Intercept | p. 6 |
| Low Probability of Exploitation | p. 7 |
| AntiJam | p. 7 |
| AJ Signal Types | p. 7 |
| Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum | p. 7 |
| Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum | p. 8 |
| Time Hopping | p. 8 |
| Hybrids | p. 9 |
| Synchronization | p. 9 |
| Frequency Range Effects | p. 10 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 10 |
| References | p. 11 |
| Radio Signal Propagation | p. 13 |
| Propagation of Signals in the VHF and Above Range | p. 13 |
| Noise | p. 14 |
| Free Space Propagation | p. 16 |
| Propagation Close to the Earth | p. 17 |
| Smooth Earth | p. 18 |
| Effective Antenna Height | p. 28 |
| Surface Roughness | p. 29 |
| Diffraction Loss | p. 32 |
| Propagation Into and Out of Buildings | p. 35 |
| Terrain Irregularity | p. 35 |
| Attenuation Due to Woodlands | p. 35 |
| Multipath Reception | p. 36 |
| Doppler Shift | p. 40 |
| Indoor Propagation | p. 42 |
| Oxygen Absorption at 60 GHz | p. 43 |
| Propagation Models | p. 43 |
| Propagation of Signals in the HF Range | p. 50 |
| Noise | p. 50 |
| Ground Wave | p. 51 |
| Sky Wave | p. 61 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 66 |
| References | p. 68 |
| Signaling for Antijam Communications | p. 71 |
| Communication System Model | p. 72 |
| Signaling Performance in Interference and Noise | p. 73 |
| Modulations | p. 73 |
| Binary Signal Reception | p. 78 |
| Frequency Shift Key Performance | p. 82 |
| Phase Shift Key Performance | p. 97 |
| Chaotic Shift Key | p. 113 |
| Error Control | p. 116 |
| Coding Techniques | p. 117 |
| Block Coding | p. 117 |
| Convolutional Coding | p. 123 |
| Bit Interleaving | p. 125 |
| Side Information | p. 126 |
| Jammer State Information | p. 126 |
| Channel State Information | p. 127 |
| Processing Gain | p. 127 |
| Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum | p. 127 |
| DSSS Processing Gain | p. 130 |
| Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum | p. 131 |
| Fast Frequency Hopping | p. 133 |
| Slow Frequency Hopping | p. 135 |
| DS and FH Hybrid Spread Spectrum | p. 138 |
| Ultrawideband Communications | p. 139 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 145 |
| References | p. 146 |
| Linear Feedback Shift Registers and Linear Recursive Sequences | p. 149 |
| Galois Fields | p. 149 |
| Polynomials | p. 151 |
| Shift Registers | p. 154 |
| Maximal Sequences | p. 165 |
| Correlation Functions | p. 166 |
| Properties of m-Sequences | p. 168 |
| Product Codes | p. 171 |
| Gold Codes | p. 171 |
| Kasami Codes | p. 172 |
| LFRS Design | p. 172 |
| Synthesis of m-Sequence LFRSs | p. 174 |
| Other Ways to Generate m-Sequences | p. 175 |
| Applications | p. 176 |
| FHSS | p. 176 |
| DSSS | p. 176 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 178 |
| References | p. 178 |
| Synchronization and Tracking in Spread Spectrum Systems | p. 179 |
| DSSS Synchronization and Tracking | p. 180 |
| DSSS Synchronization | p. 180 |
| DSSS Tracking | p. 189 |
| FHSS Synchronization and Tracking | p. 189 |
| FHSS Synchronization | p. 191 |
| FHSS Tracking | p. 202 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 211 |
| References | p. 211 |
| Jamming Techniques | p. 213 |
| Jamming Strategies | p. 214 |
| Partial Dwell Jamming of FH Systems | p. 215 |
| Noise Jamming | p. 215 |
| Tone Jamming | p. 224 |
| Swept Jamming | p. 235 |
| Pulse Jamming | p. 236 |
| Follower Jamming | p. 237 |
| Smart Jamming | p. 248 |
| Asset Sharing | p. 249 |
| Look-Through | p. 249 |
| Power Sharing | p. 249 |
| Time Sharing | p. 250 |
| Jamming-Power to Signal-Power Ratios | p. 250 |
| R[superscript n] Model JSR | p. 251 |
| Ground Reflection Propagation JSR | p. 251 |
| Nicholson JSR | p. 254 |
| Egli Model JSR | p. 254 |
| Jammer Platform Configurations | p. 254 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 255 |
| References | p. 256 |
| Antijam Signal Detection | p. 259 |
| Receivers | p. 260 |
| Staring Receivers | p. 260 |
| Scanning Receivers | p. 261 |
| Detectors | p. 265 |
| Matched Filter | p. 265 |
| Radiometers | p. 267 |
| Filter Bank Combiner | p. 268 |
| Direct Sequence | p. 271 |
| Signal-Specific Detection | p. 271 |
| Nonsignal-Specific Detection | p. 273 |
| Frequency Hopping | p. 278 |
| FHSS Signal Sorting | p. 278 |
| Performance Simulation | p. 290 |
| Simulation Description | p. 290 |
| Collected Statistics | p. 296 |
| Results | p. 296 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 307 |
| References | p. 307 |
| Jamming Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Systems | p. 311 |
| Spectral Characteristics of DSSS | p. 312 |
| BBN Jamming of DSSS Systems | p. 315 |
| BPSK and QPSK | p. 319 |
| BBN Jamming of Chaotic Systems | p. 321 |
| PBN Jamming of DSSS Systems | p. 322 |
| Pulse Jamming of DSSS Systems | p. 326 |
| Pulsed Jamming of Uncoded DSSS Systems | p. 326 |
| Pulsed Jamming of Repeat Coded BPSK DSSS Systems | p. 328 |
| Tone Jamming of DSSS Systems | p. 334 |
| Single-Tone Jamming | p. 334 |
| Multitone Jamming | p. 341 |
| Ultrawideband Signals | p. 345 |
| BBN Jamming | p. 346 |
| Multitone Jamming | p. 347 |
| Pulsed Jamming | p. 347 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 348 |
| References | p. 349 |
| Jamming Fast Frequency Hopping Systems | p. 353 |
| Multiple Dwells per Data Bit | p. 356 |
| BBN Jamming of FFH Systems | p. 357 |
| Follower Jamming of FFH Systems | p. 359 |
| Follower/NBN Jamming | p. 361 |
| Follower/Tone Jamming | p. 366 |
| Summary for Follower Jamming | p. 371 |
| PBN Jamming of FFH Systems | p. 372 |
| PBN Jamming of Error-Coded Signals | p. 374 |
| Narrowband Noise Jammer | p. 376 |
| Single-Tone Jamming of FFH Systems | p. 376 |
| Multiple Tone Jamming of FFH Systems | p. 377 |
| Uncoded FFH MFSK Signals | p. 378 |
| Coded FFH MFSK Signals | p. 379 |
| Pulsed Jamming of FFH Systems | p. 379 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 379 |
| References | p. 382 |
| Jamming Slow Frequency Hopping Systems | p. 385 |
| BBN Jamming of SFH Systems | p. 386 |
| Uncoded | p. 386 |
| Coded | p. 386 |
| PBN Jamming of SFH Systems | p. 388 |
| Uncoded SFH MFSK Systems | p. 388 |
| Coded SFH MFSK Systems | p. 394 |
| Multitone Jamming of SFH Systems | p. 404 |
| Uncoded SFH MFSK Systems | p. 405 |
| Coded SFH MFSK Systems | p. 410 |
| Follower Jamming of SFH Systems | p. 412 |
| Noise Jamming | p. 413 |
| Tone Jamming | p. 414 |
| Comparison | p. 415 |
| Coded MFSK Jamming | p. 417 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 418 |
| References | p. 419 |
| Jamming Hybrid Spread Spectrum Systems | p. 423 |
| Coherent Reception | p. 424 |
| Coherent Asynchronous BPSK DS/SFH Systems | p. 427 |
| Coherent Asynchronous QPSK DS/SFH Systems | p. 427 |
| Coherent Synchronous BPSK DS/SFH Systems | p. 428 |
| Coherent Synchronous QPSK DS/SFH Systems | p. 428 |
| BBN Jamming Coherent DS/SFH Systems | p. 429 |
| PBN Jamming Coherent DS/SFH Systems | p. 431 |
| Multitone Jamming Coherent DS/SFH Systems | p. 433 |
| NBN Follower Jamming Coherent DS/SFH Systems | p. 437 |
| Jamming Coherent DS/SFH Systems Comparisons | p. 437 |
| Noncoherent Reception | p. 437 |
| Noncoherent Asynchronous DS/SFH Systems | p. 440 |
| Noncoherent Synchronous DS/SFH Systems | p. 441 |
| BBN Jamming Noncoherent DS/SFH Systems | p. 441 |
| PBN Jamming Noncoherent DS/SFH Systems | p. 445 |
| Multitone Jamming of Noncoherent DS/FHSS Systems | p. 447 |
| Jamming DS/SFH Performance Comparisons | p. 452 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 453 |
| References | p. 454 |
| Q-Function | p. 457 |
| Introduction | p. 457 |
| Marcum's Q-Function | p. 458 |
| Modified Bessel Function of the First Kind and 0th Order | p. 459 |
| Generalized Q-Function | p. 461 |
| References | p. 461 |
| Simulated Networks | p. 463 |
| List of Acronyms | p. 471 |
| About the Author | p. 475 |
| Index | p. 477 |
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