Preface xiii
1 Digital Twins in the Metaverse: An Overview and Their Applications in Healthcare 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Introduction to Metaverse 3
1.3 Metaverse-Based Technologies 6
1.4 Immersive Technology 7
1.5 Digital Twin 12
1.6 Various Other Potential Metaverse Health Applications 15
1.7 Conclusion 18
2 Metaverse-Based Digital Twin and Investigating Its Applications in Dentistry 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Various Models of Metaverse 27
2.3 Benefits of Metaverse in Dental Healthcare 29
2.4 Digital Human 31
2.5 Blockchain Uses in Dentistry and Health Care 33
2.6 Metaverse in Dentistry and Healthcare 33
2.7 Conclusion 37
3 Role of Metaverse in Cardiology and in Cardiac Catheterization 41
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 Metaverse Definition 43
3.3 The Rise of the Metaverse Application in Healthcare 44
3.4 The Promise of the Metaverse in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Health 45
3.5 Application of Metaverse in Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory 47
3.6 Components of the Future Catheterization Laboratory 47
3.7 Incorporating Metaverse with Cardiology and Developing the Cardioverse 50
3.8 Challenges to Face and the NFTs Integration 54
3.9 Conclusion 57
4 Cancer and the Metaverse: An Introduction to Digital Twins 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 How Metaverses and Digital Twins Affect Healthcare 64
4.3 Introduction to Metaverse 65
4.4 Digital Twins 66
4.5 Other Applications of DT in Cancer 72
4.6 Ethical and Legal Challenges of the Metaverse 73
4.7 Conclusion 74
5 Digital Twins in the Metaverse and Their Application to Personalized Medicine 79
5.1 Introduction 80
5.2 Role of DT in Medicine 80
5.3 Various Technologies of Metaverse 82
5.4 Digital Twin (DT) Framework 85
5.5 Applications 89
5.6 Integrating Variables from Many Types, Places, and Times into Digital Twins 94
5.7 Conclusion 95
6 Metaverse-Based Digital Twins in Ophthalmology 101
6.1 Introduction 101
6.2 Metaverse in Ophthalmology 103
6.3 Metaverse-Based Different Technologies in Ophthalmology 103
6.4 Application of Metaverse in Ophthalmology 106
6.5 Additional Metaverse Applications in Optometry 108
6.6 Use of Digital Twins 111
6.7 DT Based Application of Metaverse in Ophthalmology 111
6.8 Telemedicine for Patient Consultation 112
6.9 Conclusion 114
7 The Potential of Metaverse-Based Digital Twin in Surgery 121
7.1 Introduction 121
7.2 Metaverse: An Introduction 122
7.3 AI in Surgical Metaverse 122
7.4 Present Understanding of XR, AR, and VR Platforms 123
7.5 Potential for Advancement in Surgical Healthcare 126
7.6 Medical Devices for Patient-to-Image Registration Hardware 128
7.7 AR/VR Surgical Metaverse: Practical Applications 131
7.8 Patient Digital Twin 133
7.9 Digital Twins (DT) to Guide End-Effectors 134
7.10 Metaverse, XR, and CAD/CAM in Surgical Process 136
7.11 Conclusion 137
8 Potential of Interactive VR and Digital Twin for Drug Development and Clinical Trials 145
8.1 Introduction 146
8.2 Introduction to CADD and VR Drug/Molecule Design 148
8.3 Applications of VR Relevant to Drug Discovery 150
8.4 Interactive Molecular Dynamics in Virtual Reality (IMD-VR) 152
8.5 Generative AI and Digital Twins 154
8.6 Digital Twins in Preclinical Drug Discovery 155
8.7 Digital Twins in Clinical Trials 157
8.8 Digital Twins and In Silico Research 158
8.9 The "TopDown" Digital Twin 160
8.10 Conclusion 160
9 The Integration of Metaverse in Psychiatry and Mental Health 171
9.1 Introduction 171
9.2 Metaverse 173
9.3 The Relationship Between the Metaverse and Psychiatry 177
9.4 Metaverse in Mental Health and Psychiatric Disorders 178
9.5 Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in the Metaverse 186
9.6 Conclusion 190
10 Integration of Metaverse-Based Wearables for Creating Digital Healthcare 197
10.1 Introduction 197
10.2 Metaverse Framework and Building Block Technologies 199
10.3 Metaverse Wearables Coupled with XR Technology 204
10.4 Conclusion 211
11 Potential of Metaverse for Creating Intelligent Healthcare 219
11.1 Introduction 219
11.2 Metaverse 222
11.3 Application in Healthcare 224
11.4 Additional Applications of Metaverse in Healthcare 226
11.5 Metaverses in Healthcare for Medical Domains 231
11.6 Conclusion 235
12 Integration of Digital Metaverse in Educating Medical Students for Better Understanding 243
12.1 Introduction 243
12.2 The Function of Metaverses in Education 244
12.3 Impact of the Metaverse on Healthcare Infrastructures 246
12.4 Employing Metaverse to Improve Medical Education 248
12.5 Implications for Healthcare Education 253
12.6 Additional Applications in Research 255
12.7 Conclusion 257
References 257
Index 263
