Language Management

By: Bernard Spolsky

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Hardcover | 2 April 2009

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322 Pages

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22.86 x 15.24 x 1.91

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Language policy is all about choices. If you are bilingual or plurilingual, you have to choose which language to use. Even if you speak only one language, you have choices of dialects and styles. Some of these choices are the result of management, reflecting conscious and explicit efforts by language managers to control the choices. This is the first book to present a specific theory of language management. Bernard Spolsky reviews current research on the family, religion, the workplace, the media, schools, legal and health institutions, the military and government. Also discussed are language activists, international organisations, and human rights relative to language, and the book concludes with a review of language managers and management agencies. A model is developed that recognises the complexity of language management, makes sense of the various forces involved, and clarifies why it is such a difficult enterprise.

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'Recommended.' The Times Higher Education Supplement

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Non-Fiction Language & Linguistics Linguistics Sociolinguistics Sociology & Anthropology Sociology

Acknowledgements	p. xi
Towards a theory of language management	p. 1
Managing language in the family	p. 10
Managing speech and linguistic communities	p. 10
The individual and "simple management"	p. 11
Managing language in the family	p. 14
Parents or peers?	p. 19
Family as target	p. 22
Methods of managing the home language ecology	p. 23
Home language managers	p. 25
Ideological influences on the home	p. 26
A model of home language choice	p. 28
First modification of the theory	p. 30
Religious language policy	p. 31
Introduction	p. 31
Jewish language policy	p. 33
Language management in Christianity	p. 38
Islamic language management	p. 44
Other religious language management	p. 48
Religion in the theory of language management	p. 49
Language management in the workplace: managing business language	p. 53
Domains and levels of language management	p. 53
Workplace language rules	p. 55
Global business	p. 57
Language management at sea and in the air	p. 62
Advertising and signs	p. 63
The workplace in a theory of language management	p. 63
Managing public linguistic space	p. 65
Public linguistic space	p. 65
Public verbal signs	p. 66
Early studies of public signage	p. 66
Preliminary questions	p. 69
The effect of advertising on the paysage linguistique	p. 72
Public signs in a theory of language management	p. 75
Visual space for private use	p. 76
Newspapers and magazines	p. 76
Visual space: books	p. 79
From sign to sound	p. 79
Media: radio and television	p. 80
Minority access to radio and television	p. 81
Media: telephones, cell phones, and call centers	p. 85
Media: the Internet and e-mail	p. 86
Cultivating public language	p. 87
Media in a theory of language management	p. 88
Language policy in schools	p. 90
Participants	p. 91
Pupils	p. 91
Teachers	p. 92
Other participants	p. 93
Where are the managers?	p. 93
The self-managed school	p. 94
The locally managed school	p. 95
Externally managed schools	p. 97
Examination boards as language managers	p. 98
Patterns	p. 98
Language of instruction	p. 101
Educational evidence	p. 101
Developed languages	p. 102
Ideological arguments	p. 104
Dividing language functions	p. 105
Teaching additional languages	p. 106
Teaching foreign languages	p. 107
The results of language education policy	p. 108
The tools of language management in schools	p. 109
Teachers as a tool of language management	p. 109
Managing the admission of students	p. 111
Punishment as language management	p. 113
Schooling in a theory of language management	p. 114
Managing language in legal and health institutions	p. 115
Safety and health	p. 115
The law courts	p. 116
Civil rights	p. 117
The police	p. 124
The health institutions	p. 126
The legal and health domains in the model	p. 128
Managing military language	p. 129
Communication needs in the military	p. 129
The Roman army and the sergeant's problem	p. 130
The sergeant's problem in other armies	p. 131
Canada: making an army bilingual	p. 133
US military language management in two world wars	p. 136
US defense language policy in an age of global war	p. 140
The military domain in a theory of language management	p. 143
Local, regional, and national governments managing languages	p. 144
Introduction	p. 144
The organization of this chapter	p. 146
The pressure of a multilingual nation	p. 147
Language management at the constitutional level	p. 148
Center vs. periphery	p. 152
The territorial solution	p. 154
The new territorialism: regional autonomy and devolution	p. 157
Going further: the breakup of nation-states	p. 162
Central government regulation of languages	p. 166
Spelling and language reform	p. 167
Local government	p. 168
Why is national policy so difficult?	p. 173
Pressures for national monolingualism and multilingualism	p. 175
Influencing language management: language activist groups	p. 181
Entr'acte: the model to-date	p. 181
Hebrew revitalization as a grassroots movement	p. 185
Nationalist language activism	p. 190
The regeneration of Māori	p. 195
Language activism in Australia	p. 196
Language activism in the United States	p. 197
The volunteer stage	p. 198
Community language activism: indigenous and immigrant minorities	p. 198
Some other cases of indigenous schooling	p. 200
Salvaging indigenous endangered languages	p. 202
Language activism in the theory of language management	p. 204
Managing languages at the supranational level	p. 206
The supranational level or domain	p. 206
Monolingual supranational organizations: language diffusion management	p. 207
Internal policy at the supragovermmental level	p. 208
League of Nations and United Nations	p. 208
Europe and the European Community: internal language policy	p. 210
Influence of international organizations on national foreign language teaching policy	p. 213
Human and civil rights and the role of supranational organizations	p. 214
Parenthetically, who has "language rights"?	p. 217
International organizations on language rights	p. 219
The European Community and language rights	p. 222
Supranational organizations in a theory of language management	p. 224
Language managers, language management agencies and academies, and their work	p. 225
Agents and agency	p. 225
Managers enforcing status	p. 226
Agencies that are not specifically linguistic in scope	p. 226
Immigration and citizenship	p. 228
Specialized language agencies	p. 230
Post-Independence India	p. 233
Cultivating languages	p. 234
Academies	p. 234
Terminology committees	p. 241
Nomenclature and place names	p. 242
Language editors	p. 243
Managers of language acquisition	p. 244
Internally (language education)	p. 244
Externally (language diffusion)	p. 245
Language services	p. 246
First aid in language management	p. 246
Translation services	p. 246
Interpreters	p. 247
Language agencies and services in the theoretical model	p. 248
A theory of language management: postscript or prolegomena	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
Simple language management: the accommodating individual	p. 249
Organized language management: the family domain	p. 250
The religious domain	p. 251
The workplace	p. 251
Public linguistic space	p. 252
The school domain	p. 253
Courts, hospitals, and police stations	p. 253
Military language management	p. 254
Governments managing language	p. 255
Activism and pursuit of minority rights	p. 257
Beyond the nation-state: organizations and rights	p. 258
Agencies for language management	p. 259
What sort of theory do we have?	p. 259
References	p. 262
Index	p. 291
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Language Management

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