Green Deep Eutectic Solvents

Preface xv

1 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents: Fundamental, Properties, and Applications 1
Baiju Chenthamara, M. Shaibuna and Ramesh L. Gardas

1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 History of DESs 3
1.3 Definition of DES 3
1.4 Classification 6
1.5 Preparation Methods 7
1.6 Characterization and Physicochemical Properties of DES 9
1.7 Selected Applications of DESs 23
1.8 Conclusions 26

2 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents: Green Synthesis, Fabrication, and Characterization 37
Jyoti Chauhan, Ashwariya Patel, Rajesh Kumar Sahu, Shweta Kanungo and Bhawana Jain

2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 Significance of DESs 38
2.3 Synthesis of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) 39
2.4 Physicochemical Characteristics of DESs 40
2.5 Applications of DES 48
2.6 Application of DESs in Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery 51
2.7 Conclusion 52

3 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents: Structure, Toxicity, and Biodegradability 57
Nubar Abbaszada, Nurevþan Kaya, Serap Cetinkaya and Burak Tuzun

3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Deep Eutectic Solvents: Overview and Classification 58
3.3 Toxicity and Biodegradability of NADES 64
3.4 Physicochemical Properties of Deep Eutectic Solvents 65
3.5 Application of NADES 68
3.6 Conclusion 69

4 Hydrophobic and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: Structure, Properties, and Application 75
Khasan Berdimuradov, Akbarali Rasulov, Elyor Berdimurodov, Omar Dagdag, Mohamed Rbaa and Anvar Khamidov

4.1 Introduction 76
4.2 Structure of Hydrophobic and Natural DES 77
4.3 Properties of Hydrophobic and Natural DES 80
4.4 Applications of Hydrophobic and Natural DES 87
4.5 Future Perspectives and Challenges 95
4.6 Conclusion 97

5 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Catalysis 103
Husan Yaxshinorov, Javokhir Abdisattorov, Marcin Karbarz, Elyor Berdimurodov and Anvar Khamidov

5.1 Introduction 104
5.2 Applications of DES in Catalysis 105
5.3 Mechanisms and Theoretical Studies 112
5.4 Challenges and Limitations, and Future Perspectives 115
5.5 Conclusion 116

6 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Separation 121
Yusufboy Rajabov, Jaykhun Mamatov, Laziz Azimov, Abhinay Thakur, Ashish Kumar, Elyor Berdimurodov and Anvar Khamidov

6.1 Introduction 122
6.2 Applications of DES in Extraction Processes 124
6.3 DES in Separation of Biomolecules 125
6.4 DES in Gas Separation 128
6.5 DES in Membrane Separation Processes 131
6.6 Challenges, Limitations, and Future Perspectives 132
6.7 Conclusion 134

7 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Gas Capture 141
Khasan Berdimuradov, Muslum Demir, Elyor Berdimurodov, Omar Dagdag, Anvar Khamidov and Mohamed Rbaa

7.1 Introduction 142
7.2 Mechanisms of Gas Capture Using DES 143
7.3 Applications of DES in Gas Capture 145
7.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 151
7.5 Conclusion 153

8 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing 157
Ilayda Bersu Kul, Parham Taslimi, Nastaran Sadeghian, Gamze Tuzun and Burak Tuzun

8.1 Description of Green Deep Eutectic Solvents 159
8.2 Biocatalysis and Its Role in Bioprocesses 160
8.3 Properties of Green Deep Eutectic Solvents 162
8.4 Applications of DESs in Polar Organometallic Chemistry 163
8.5 Applications of DESs in Metal-Catalyzed Reactions 164
8.6 Applications of DESs in Biocatalysis 165
8.7 Reactions Catalyzed by Lewis Acid Type DESs 166
8.8 Reactions Catalyzed by Bronsted Acid Type DESs 167
8.9 Combining Deep Eutectic Solvents with Enzymes to Create a Potent Toolbox for Organic Synthesis 169
8.10 Whole-Cells Catalyzed Reductions 171
8.11 Utilizing Deep Eutectic Solvents to Synthesize Green Nanoparticles and Their Use in Water Treatment 172
8.12 DES as Solvent for Whole-Cell Biocatalysis 174
8.13 DES as Extractive Agents in Biotransformation 175
8.14 DESs Function in Biomass Pretreatment 176
8.15 Future Perspectives 176
8.16 Conclusion 177

9 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Power Systems and Battery Technologies 183
Halil Ýbrahim Çetintaþ and Burak Tuzun

9.1 Introduction 183
9.2 Fundamentals of DESs 184
9.3 Classification of the DESs 186
9.4 Properties of the DESs 187
9.5 Applications of DESs 189
9.6 DESs in Power Systems and Battery Technologies 190
9.7 Conclusion 200

10 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Organic Chemistry 209
M. Rbaa, Z. Rouifi, M. Oubaaqa, A. Barrahi, E. Berdimurodov, B. Tuzun, B. Lakhrissi, A. Zarrouk and R. Seghiri

10.1 Introduction 210
10.2 Definition of Deep Eutectic Solvent 212
10.3 Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents 212
10.4 Methods for Preparing GDES 214
10.5 Physicochemical Properties of Green Deep Eutectic Solvents 214
10.6 Comparison with Traditional Solvents 217
10.7 The Use of Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Organic Chemistry 218
10.8 Applications in Organic Synthesis 220
10.9 Deep Eutectic Solvents Economic Advantages 221
10.10 Conclusion 222

11 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Genomics/Fundamentals of Nucleic Acids 227
Ayushi Prajapat, Naina, Iona Massey, Prashant Singh, Garima Pandey, Kumar Rakesh Ranjan and Kamlesh Kumari

11.1 An Introduction to Deep Eutectic Solvents 228
11.2 Properties of Deep Eutectic Solvents 228
11.3 General Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents 229
11.4 What are Green Deep Eutectic Solvents? 236
11.5 Deep Eutectic Solvents with Biological Molecules 237
11.6 Interaction of Deep Eutectic Solvents with Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA) for Their Stability 241
11.7 Conclusion 243

12 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications 253
Palesa Pamela Seele, Reitumetse Precious Molefi, Kabo Matshetshe, Hendriette Van der Walt and Charlotte Maserumule

12.1 Introduction of DES to the Pharmaceutical and Medical Industry 254
12.2 Biocompatibility, Cytotoxicity and Biodegradability of DES 260
12.3 Biomedical Applications of DES 271
12.4 Antimicrobial Properties and Mechanisms of DES 278
12.5 Fabrication of DES to Improve the Drug Delivery Systems and Pharmacokinetics of Drugs 281
12.6 The Mechanisms of DES in Solubilizing Biomolecules and the Effects of Water 290
12.7 Industrial/Commercial Use and Limitations of DES 303

13 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Nanomaterial Synthesis 327
Abhinay Thakur and Ashish Kumar

13.1 Introduction 328
13.2 Fundamentals of Green Deep Eutectic Solvents 330
13.3 Properties and Advantages of Green Deep Eutectic Solvents 333
13.4 Interactions Between Green Deep Eutectic Solvents and Nanomaterial Precursors 335
13.5 Applications of Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Nanomaterial Synthesis 338
13.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 344
13.7 Conclusion 345

14 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Polymerization/Polymer Chemistry 355
Omar Dagdag, Rajesh Haldhar, Abhinay Thakur, Walid Daoudi, Avni Berisha, Elyor Berdimurodov, Hicham Es-soufi and Hansang Kim

14.1 Introduction 356
14.2 General Description of DES 358
14.3 DES: Their Role in Polymer Synthesis 359
14.4 Study on Polymerization in DES 360
14.5 Applications of DES in Polymer Chemistry 364
14.6 Conclusion 366

15 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds 371
Elyor Berdimurodov, Ashish Kumar, Omar Dagdag, Mohamed Rbaa, Anvar Khamidov and Bhawana Jain

15.1 Introduction 372
15.2 Applications in Bioactive Compound Extraction 374
15.3 Challenges and Future Directions in DES-Based Extraction 382
15.4 Conclusion 385

16 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Metallurgy and Electrodeposition 391
Javokhir Abdisattorov, Akbarali Rasulov, Husan Yaxshinorov, Fan Baomin and Elyor Berdimurodov

16.1 Introduction 392
16.2 DES as Electrolytes in Metallurgy 393
16.3 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Electrodeposition 394
16.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 401
16.5 Conclusion 403

References 403
Index 407