Experimental Fluid Mechanics

By: H.-E. Albrecht, Nils Damaschke, Michael Borys

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Hardcover | 14 November 2002

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Hardcover
760 Pages

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23.5 x 16.51 x 3.81

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Providing the first comprehensive treatment, this book covers all aspects of the laser Doppler and phase Doppler measurement techniques, including light scattering from small particles, fundamental optics, system design, signal and data processing, tracer particle generation, and applications in single and two-phase flows. The book is intended as both a reference book for more experienced users as well as an instructional book for students. It provides ample material as a basis for a lecture course on the subject and represents one of the most comprehensive treatments of the phase Doppler technique to date. The book will serve as a valuable reference book in any fluid mechanics laboratory where the laser Doppler or phase Doppler techniques are used. This work reflects the authors' long practical experience in the development of the techniques and equipment, as the many examples confirm.

Industry Reviews

From the reviews:

"In this book, the authors have expertly combined the physics (principles) and engineering (practice) in a manner readily accessible to both schools. As such, it has concisely fulfilled a role in addressing a real need in fluid mechanics literature. ... The content of the book is impressively comprehensive and rigorously encompasses all aspects of the techniques ... . The authors present an excellent platform for data analysis by summarizing common experimental applications ... . I can only wholeheartedly recommend this book ... ." (Dr. S. Begg, Contemporary Physics, Vol. 46 (1), 2005)

"This book offers ... a very good overview of laser Doppler and phase Doppler measurement techniques ... . Because of the comprehensive overview, the clear organization, and thanks to the impressive amount of references reported, the book is an excellent aid as an educational support. At the same time the thoroughness of the treatment, as well as the new results included, document and consolidate the state of the art in this measurement technique, thus making this book a good basic reference for specialists ... ." (L. Bottura, Cryogenics, Vol. 43, 2003)

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Introduction	p. 1
Historical Perspective	p. 1
Use of the Book	p. 3
Fundamentals
Basic Measurement Principles	p. 9
Laser Doppler Technique	p. 12
Phase Doppler Technique	p. 23
Time-Shift Technique	p. 25
Fundamentals of Light Propagation and Optics	p. 27
Electromagnetic Waves	p. 27
Description of Electromagnetic Waves	p. 27
Polarization	p. 33
Boundary Conditions and Fresnel Coefficients	p. 35
Laser Beams	p. 37
Optical Mixing of Electromagnetic Waves	p. 44
The Doppler Effect	p. 45
Optical Components	p. 47
Matrix Transformation for Imaging	p. 47
Propagation of Laser Beams Through Lenses and Apertures	p. 53
Optical Gratings and Bragg Cells	p. 56
Optical Fibers	p. 65
Photodetectors	p. 70
Light Scattering from Small Particles	p. 79
Scattering of a Plane Wave	p. 81
Description using Geometrical Optics (GO)	p. 85
Description using Lorenz-Mie Theory and Debye Series	p. 96
Scattering Characteristics for a Plane Wave	p. 100
Scattering of an Inhomogeneous Field	p. 127
Extension to the Method of Geometrical Optics (EGO)	p. 128
Description using Fourier Lorenz-Mie Theory (FLMT)	p. 134
Scattering Characteristics of an Inhomogeneous Field	p. 146
Characteristic Quantities of Light Scattered by Small Particles	p. 162
Measurement Principles
Signal Generation in Laser Doppler and Phase Doppler Systems	p. 169
The Signal From an Arbitrarily Positioned Detector	p. 169
Fundamental Relations	p. 172
Signals from very Small Particles	p. 177
Signals from Large Particles	p. 199
Visibility of the Signal	p. 214
Shift Frequency Influence	p. 219
Measurement and Detection Volumes	p. 221
Statistical Time Series of Particle Signals	p. 227
Laser Doppler Technique	p. 231
Dual-Beam Configuration	p. 232
Reference-Beam Configuration	p. 233
Particle Sizing with Phase Doppler and Time-Shift Technique	p. 244
Determination of Incident and Glare Point Positions	p. 247
Phase Doppler Technique	p. 250
Reference Phase Doppler Technique	p. 254
Time-Shift Technique	p. 259
Refractive Index Determination	p. 266
Moiré Models	p. 267
Signal Detection, Processing and Validation	p. 273
Review of Some Fundamentals	p. 275
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)	p. 276
Correlation Function	p. 281
Hilbert Transform	p. 283
Signal Noise	p. 287
Cramèr-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB)	p. 290
Signal Detection	p. 300
Estimation of the Doppler Frequency	p. 305
Spectral Analysis	p. 307
Correlation Techniques	p. 311
Period Timing Devices	p. 313
Quadrature Demodulation	p. 315
Determination of Signal Phase	p. 317
Cross-Spectral Density	p. 317
Covariance Methods	p. 321
Quadrature Methods	p. 322
Model-Based Signal Processing	p. 323
Fundamentals	p. 323
Example Applications	p. 324
Laser Doppler Systems	p. 337
Input Parameters from the Flow and Test Rig	p. 338
Description of the Flow Field	p. 338
Necessary Spatial and Temporal Resolution	p. 351
Flow and Flow-Rig Parameters	p. 358
Components and Layout of the Transmitting Optics	p. 363
Collimators	p. 363
Beamsplitters and Polarizers	p. 369
Methods for Achieving Directional Sensitivity	p. 371
Generation of the Measurement Volume	p. 377
Layout of Receiving Optics	p. 383
System Description	p. 389
One-Velocity Component Systems	p. 389
Two-Velocity Component Systems	p. 392
Three-Velocity Component Systems	p. 396
Multi-Point Systems	p. 401
Laser Transit Velocimetry	p. 405
Phase Doppler Systems	p. 409
Selection of the Optical Configuration	p. 411
Single-Point Phase Doppler Systems	p. 417
Three-detector, Standard Phase Doppler System	p. 417
Planar Phase Doppler System	p. 425
Dual-Mode Phase Doppler	p. 430
Dual-Burst Technique	p. 436
Extended Phase Doppler Technique	p. 446
Reference Phase Doppler Technique	p. 449
Further Design Considerations for Phase Doppler Systems	p. 454
Influence of the Gaussian Beam	p. 454
Slit Effect	p. 466
Non-Spherical and Inhomogeneous Particles	p. 467
Multi-Dimensional Sizing Techniques	p. 470
Interferometric Particle Imaging (IPI)	p. 470
Global Phase Doppler (GPD) Technique	p. 478
Concentration Limits	p. 481
Further Particle Sizing Methods Based on the Laser Doppler Technique	p. 491
Techniques B ased o n Signal Amplitude	p. 491
Cross-sectional Area Difference Technique	p. 491
Combined Laser Doppler and White Light Sizer	p. 500
Time-Shift Technique	p. 501
Time-Shift Technique in Forward Scatter	p. 504
Time-Shift Technique in Backscatter	p. 506
Rainbow Refractometry	p. 517
Shadow Doppler Technique	p. 523
Data Processing
Fundamentals of Data Processing	p. 529
Statistical Principles	p. 529
Stationary Random Processes	p. 533
Estimator Expectation and Variance	p. 535
Estimators for the Mean	p. 535
Estimators for Higher Order Correlations	p. 539
Estimators for Transient Processes	p. 542
Propagation of Errors	p. 543
Processing of Laser Doppler Data	p. 545
Estimation of Moments	p. 547
Estimation of Turbulent Velocity Spectra	p. 552
The Slotting Technique	p. 554
Reconstruction with FFT	p. 558
Post-Processing Steps	p. 561
Correlation Estimates from Multi-Point Systems	p. 563
Measurements in Transient Processes	p. 566
Effect of Window Size on Phase and Ensemble Statistics	p. 567
Energy Partitioning in Transient Flows	p. 568
Data Simulation	p. 569
Processing of Phase Doppler Data	p. 573
Validation Procedures	p. 573
SNR Validation	p. 573
Phase Difference Validation	p. 574
Sphericity Validation	p. 574
Amplitude Validation	p. 574
Transit Time Validation	p. 575
Particle Statistics	p. 576
Flux Density Vectors and Concentration	p. 576
Distribution of Particles	p. 579
Geometry of the Detection Volume	p. 582
Estimation of the Number of Particles	p. 590
Summary and Examples	p. 591
Post-Processing of Phase Doppler Data	p. 595
Particle Size Distributions	p. 595
Mean Diameters	p. 598
Non-Spherical and Inhomogeneous Particles	p. 599
Application Issues
Choice of Particles and Particle Generation	p. 605
Particle Motion in Flows	p. 606
Particle Generation	p. 613
Droplet Generation	p. 614
Solid Particle Generation	p. 619
Introducing Particles into the Flow	p. 621
Liquid Flows	p. 622
Gas Flows	p. 622
Two-Phase Flows	p. 623
Natural Seeding	p. 624
System Design Considerations	p. 627
System Design Guidelines	p. 627
Laser Doppler Systems	p. 628
Phase Doppler Systems	p. 635
Alignment and Adjustment	p. 638
System Design Examples	p. 642
Velocity Measurements in a Narrow Channel Flow	p. 642
Drop Size Measurements in a Diesel Injector Spray	p. 647
Refractive Index Matching	p. 655
Matching with Flow Containment	p. 655
Matching for Variable Density	p. 660
Appendix	p. 661
List of Symbols and Acronyms	p. 662
Derivation of Equations Describing a Laser Beam	p. 681
Internal and Near Field Solution	p. 686
Bibliography	p. 689
References	p. 690
Books (or parts thereof) on the Laser or Phase Doppler Techniques	p. 718
Periodicals Dealing with the Laser or Phase Doppler Techniques	p. 719
Conference Series devoted to Laser or Phase Doppler Techniques	p. 720
Index	p. 723
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Experimental Fluid Mechanics

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