| Environmental Signal Processing and Adaptation | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Acclimation and Adaptation | p. 2 |
| Biological and Physical Signals for Plants | p. 2 |
| Symbiontic Signal Exchange | p. 3 |
| Light Adaptation in Plants | p. 4 |
| Thioredoxins | p. 5 |
| Vibratory Signal Processing in Insects | p. 5 |
| Seasonal Acclimation in Small Mammals | p. 6 |
| Signal Processing | p. 7 |
| References | p. 7 |
| Communication and Efficiency in the Symbiotic Signal Exchange | p. 9 |
| Introduction | p. 9 |
| Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids as Signal Molecules from Host Plants | p. 10 |
| Nod Factors as Signal Molecules from Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Mesorhizobium | p. 19 |
| Communication and Signal Exchange Between Host Plants and Symbionts: a Summary | p. 21 |
| Induction of Early nod Genes in the Plants by Inoculation with Rhizobia/Bradyrhizobia | p. 24 |
| Symbiosis Specific Differentiation of Free-Living Rhizobium/Bradyrhizobium Cells to Bacteroids | p. 25 |
| Nodule Compartmentation and Induction of Late Nodulines During Nodule Development | p. 27 |
| Essential Functions of Late Nodulins for Nodule Metabolism | p. 28 |
| Signal Molecules for the Induction of Late Nodulins | p. 28 |
| Signals and the Regulation of Nodule Senescence | p. 30 |
| N2-Fixation and Denitrification Under Field Conditions | p. 30 |
| References | p. 31 |
| Rhizosphere Signals and Ecochemistry | p. 39 |
| Introduction | p. 39 |
| The Nature of Rhizosphere Signals | p. 40 |
| Plant Signal Molecules | p. 40 |
| Bacterial Signals to Plants | p. 41 |
| Antibiotics | p. 42 |
| New Concepts in Rhizosphere Signals | p. 43 |
| Biotin | p. 44 |
| Respiratory Elicitors | p. 47 |
| Nucleosides | p. 47 |
| Integration of Signals into Rhizosphere Communities | p. 49 |
| Positional Effects | p. 49 |
| Environmental Effects | p. 50 |
| Inactivation of Signals | p. 50 |
| Summary | p. 51 |
| References | p. 51 |
| Endomycorrhizas in the Gentianales: Structures and Evolution of the Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) | p. 57 |
| Introduction | p. 57 |
| Classification of the Gentianales | p. 59 |
| Root System, Roots, and Mycorrhizal Structures in the Gentianales | p. 59 |
| Root Infection by VAM Fungi | p. 60 |
| Colonization of the Root Cortex | p. 61 |
| Paris Type: Structural Incompatibility of the Arum Type | p. 65 |
| VAM Structures as a Characteristic for Systematics | p. 66 |
| The Advanced Paris Type Represents a Progressive Evolutionary Step in VAM | p. 66 |
| Summary | p. 67 |
| References | p. 68 |
| Light Adaptation of the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Green Algae | p. 71 |
| Introduction | p. 71 |
| Changes in the Photosynthetic Apparatus During Adaptation to Different Light Intensities and Wavelengths | p. 72 |
| Adaptation Phenomena of Other Green Algae and of Aquatic Higher Plants | p. 77 |
| Carotenoids and Photosynthetic Adaptation | p. 77 |
| Regulation of the cab-Gene Expression by Light of Different Intensities and Wavelengths | p. 78 |
| Photoreceptors | p. 79 |
| Photoprotection by Nonphotochemical Chlorophyll Fluorescence Quenching | p. 81 |
| Adaptation of the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Cyanobacteria to Light Intensity and CO2 Concentration | p. 82 |
| References | p. 83 |
| Light-Harvesting Systems in the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Cyanobacteria, Red Algae and Cryptophytes | p. 87 |
| Introduction | p. 87 |
| Light Harvesting in the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Cyanobacteria and Red Algae | p. 88 |
| Structure of Hemidiskoidal and Hemiellipsoidal Phycobilisomes | p. 88 |
| Chromophores and Excitation Energy Transfer | p. 93 |
| Phycobilisomes as Dynamic Structures | p. 95 |
| Light Harvesting in the Chloroplasts of Cryptophytes | p. 97 |
| Origin of Genetic Complexity in Cryptophytes | p. 97 |
| Phycobiliprotein Antennae in Cryptophytes | p. 98 |
| Cooperation of Two Antennae Systems in Cryptophytes | p. 101 |
| References | p. 103 |
| Thioredoxins: Adapting Plant Metabolism to Light and Other Environmental Signals | p. 113 |
| Introduction | p. 113 |
| Complete thioredoxin profiles in plant cells | p. 116 |
| Thioredoxin-Dependent Enzymes | p. 121 |
| The Signaling Mechanism and its Physiological Logic | p. 123 |
| Environmental Disturbance of Thioredoxin Action | p. 128 |
| Experimentation Pitfalls in Vitro | p. 130 |
| Thioredoxin Control of Plant Metabolism: A Unified View | p. 131 |
| References | p. 134 |
| Photoinhibition in Seaweeds | p. 141 |
| Introduction | p. 141 |
| Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis and Its Recovery | p. 143 |
| Occurrence of Photoinhibition in the Natural Environment | p. 147 |
| Photoinhibition Affects Zonation of the Algae on the Shore | p. 149 |
| Temperature Dependence of Photoinhibition and Recovery | p. 151 |
| Correlation Between Oxygen Production Rate and Fluorescence | p. 153 |
| Possible Molecular Mechanisms of Photoinhibition and Recovery in Seaweeds | p. 156 |
| The Influence of UV Radiation on Photosynthesis of Arctic Macroalgae | p. 159 |
| Conclusion | p. 162 |
| References | p. 163 |
| The Auditory-Vibratory Sensory System in Bushcrickets (Tettigoniidae, Ensifera, Orthoptera) I Comparison of Morphology, Development and Physiology | p. 169 |
| Introduction | p. 169 |
| The Receptor Organs | p. 172 |
| Location and Morphology | p. 172 |
| Larval and Phylogenetic Development | p. 179 |
| Stimulus Transduction in the Receptor Organs | p. 191 |
| Frequency Tuning of the Receptor Cells | p. 196 |
| Projection of the Receptor Cells at the Ventral Nerve Cord Level | p. 199 |
| The Auditory-Vibratory Sensory System in the Ventral Nerve Cord | p. 201 |
| References | p. 204 |
| The Auditory-Vibratory Sensory System in Bushcrickets(Tettigoniidae, Ensifera, Orthoptera) II. Signal Production and Acoustic Behavior | p. 209 |
| Introduction | p. 209 |
| Signal Production | p. 209 |
| Signal Transmission in the Biotope | p. 210 |
| Broadcasting and Acoustic Behavior | p. 211 |
| Results | p. 213 |
| Combined "Resonant" and "Nonresonant" Sound Production in Tettigoniids | p. 213 |
| The Role of Subtegminal Air Volume During Sound Production in Tettigoniids | p. 220 |
| Acoustic Behavior and Species Discrimination in Tettigoniids | p. 221 |
| Chirp Rate Variability | p. 225 |
| Reactions of Tettigonia vividissima Larvae to Sound and Vibration | p. 227 |
| References | p. 229 |
| Mechanisms for Seasonal Control of Reproduction in Small Mammals | p. 233 |
| Why Seasonal Reproduction? | p. 233 |
| Mechanism of Seasonal Control | p. 235 |
| Circannual Rhythms | p. 235 |
| Sequence of Stages as a Basis for Seasonal Reproduction | p. 235 |
| Environmental Signals as Triggers for Seasonal Reproduction | p. 236 |
| Pros and Cons of Different Strategies | p. 236 |
| Transduction of Daylength Information into an Endogenous Signal | p. 237 |
| Lack of Photoperiodic Response in "Photoperiodic Species": Nonresponders | p. 243 |
| References | p. 246 |
| Role of Photoperiod During Seasonal Acclimation in Winter-Active Small Mammals | p. 251 |
| Introduction | p. 251 |
| Body Mass and Fur Insulation | p. 252 |
| Burrowing and Nest Building Activity | p. 257 |
| Daily Torpor | p. 258 |
| Seasonal Reduction of Energy Requirements | p. 261 |
| Cold Tolerance | p. 263 |
| Thermogenic Acclimation | p. 265 |
| Seasonal Control of Thermogenesis | p. 269 |
| Neural and Endocrine Processing of Environmental Signals | p. 270 |
| References | p. 273 |
| Subject Index | p. 281 |
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