Preface xvii
Section I Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticles 1
1 Nucleation and Growth of Nanoparticles 3
Sulalit Bandyopadhyay and Seniz Ucar
1.1 Classical Nucleation Theory 4
1.2 Phase Stability and Phase Transformations 6
1.3 Crystal Growth 7
1.4 Control of Particle Size and Morphology 9
1.5 Concluding Remarks 18
2 Characterization of Nanoparticles 23
Hammad Farooq and Haroon Zafar
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 24
2.3 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) 27
2.4 Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) 29
2.5 Analytical Centrifuge (LUMiSizer) 33
2.6 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) 36
2.7 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 38
2.8 Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy 40
2.9 Raman Spectroscopy 41
2.10 Vibrating Sample Magnetometer 44
2.11 UV–Vis Spectroscopy 45
2.12 Selecting a Characterization Technique 47
3 Spherical Magnetic Nanoparticles 53
Zeeshan Ali and Reema Ansar
3.1 Magnetic Susceptibility 53
3.2 Magnetic Single-Domain Nanoparticles 56
3.3 Magnetic Anisotropy 57
3.4 Magnetic Interparticle Interactions 57
3.5 Characterizations of Magnetic Properties 59
3.6 Iron Oxides 61
3.7 Synthesis Methods 62
4 Anisotropic Magnetic Nanoparticles 79
Kingsley Poon, Jyothish Kumar, Janardhanan Saraswathy, Yogambha Ramaswamy, and Gurvinder Singh
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Synthesis of Anisotropic Magnetic Nanoparticles 80
4.3 Magnetic Properties of Anisotropic Nanoparticles 87
4.4 Biomedical Applications of Anisotropic Magnetic Nanoparticles 90
4.5 Summary 98
5 Size Selective Synthesis of Spherical Gold Nanoparticles 103
Avijit Mondal and Nikhil R. Jana
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Formation Mechanism of Au NP via Colloid Chemistry Approach 104
5.3 Controlling Au NP Size Distribution 116
5.4 Conclusions and Future Aspect 117
6 Anisotropic Plasmonic Nanostructures 127
Neethu Thomas and Soumodeep Biswas
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Optical Properties of Plasmonic Nanostructures 128
6.3 Evolution of Shape Anisotropy 132
6.4 The Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control for Shape Anisotropy 135
6.5 Wet Chemical Synthesis and Related Mechanism of Au Nanostructures 140
6.6 Summary 141
7 Polymeric Nanoparticles 147
Leonardo Caserio, Vladimir Matining, Camillo Colli, Emanuele Mauri, and Davide Moscatelli
7.1 Introduction 147
7.2 Properties of PNPs 148
7.3 Stimuli-Sensitive PNPs 152
7.4 Polymerization Techniques 161
7.5 Biocompatible PNPs via Nanoprecipitation Strategies 167
7.6 Conclusions 175
8 Multifunctional Nanoparticles 189
Gisela Luz
8.1 Introduction 189
8.2 What Are Multifunctional Nanoparticles? 189
8.3 Properties of Multifunctional Nanoparticles and Their Applications 192
8.4 Synthesis Methods and Formation Mechanisms 203
8.5 Final Considerations 215
Section II Modeling Approaches for Synthesis of Nanoparticles 225
9 Overview of Modeling Approaches for Nanoparticle Synthesis in Liquid Phase 227
Puneet Koli and Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya
9.1 Introduction 227
9.2 Modeling Approaches for Studying Nanoparticle Formation 228
9.3 Conclusions 247
10 Mechanistic Understanding of Nanoparticle Growth Using Density Functional Theory 251
Bratin Kumar Das and Ethayaraja Mani
10.1 Introduction 251
10.2 Quantum Mechanical Theory 252
10.3 Applications of DFT in Nanoparticle Growth 255
10.4 Conclusions 259
11 Molecular Dynamics (MD) 263
Miteshkumar Moirangthem, Kush Kumar, and Santosh Kumar Meena
11.1 Introduction to Basic Concepts in MD 263
11.2 Scope of MD in Understanding the Formation Mechanisms of Anisotropic Nanoparticles and Their Surface Properties 270
11.3 Understanding the Shape Control of Gold Nanorod Using MD Simulations 271
12 Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of Nanoparticle Growth 295
Remya Ann Mathews Kalapurakal and Ethayaraja Mani
12.1 Introduction 295
12.2 Theory of Jump Markov Processes 296
12.3 kMC Simulation of Nanoparticle Formation 299
13 Modeling of Nanoparticle Formation Using Population Balance Equation 317
Sriram Krishnamurthy and Ethayaraja Mani
13.1 Introduction 317
13.2 Population Balance Equation 318
13.3 Nanoparticle Formation 321
13.4 Conclusion 333
Section III Applications of Nanoparticles in Biomedicine 339
14 Emerging Trends in Optical and Magnetic Sensing for Biomolecular Detection 341
Homa Hassan, Shrishti Kumari, Sriram Rathnakumar, E. T. Athira, Mayilvahanan Bose, V. V. R. Sai, Narayanan Madaboosi, and Jitendra Satija
14.1 Introduction 341
14.2 Optical Biosensors 342
14.3 Magnetic Biosensors 355
14.4 Summary and Future Perspectives 368
15 Nanoparticles in Imaging and Diagnostics 381
Sofie Snipstad and Catharina de Lange Davies
15.1 Introduction 381
15.2 Imaging Techniques 381
15.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Various Imaging Modalities 390
15.4 Combining Imaging Modalities 391
15.5 Ex Vivo Imaging 393
16 Drug Delivery Using Nanocarriers 399
Catharina de Lange Davies and Sofie Snipstad
16.1 Barriers for Delivery of Nanoparticles 399
16.2 Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Trafficking 404
16.3 Active–Passive Targeting 405
16.4 Applications in Disease Treatment 406
16.5 Improving Delivery of NPs 412
16.6 Conclusion 414
Acknowledgement 414
References 414
Index 427
