List of Figures xiv
List of Tables xix
About the Book xxi
About the Authors xxii
Acknowledgments xxiv
1 Whatâs in this Handbook? 1
1.1 Overview 1
Review Questions/Exercises 2
Reference 2
2 How to Use this Handbook 3
2.1 Overview 3
Review Questions/Exercises 4
References 4
3 Display Design Process 5
3.1 Purpose 5
3.2 Basic Principles 6
3.3 Overall 6
3.4 Steps 7
3.4.1 Determine the Content 7
3.4.2 Identify the Constraints 7
3.4.3 Determine the Display Style 7
3.4.4 Create the Design Concept 8
Review Questions/Exercises 8
Reference 9
4 Characteristics of Human Information Processing 11
4.1 Short-Term Memory 11
4.1.1 Example 12
4.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 14
4.2.1 Example 15
4.3 Patterns/Emergent Features 16
4.3.1 Example 16
4.4 Display Proximity 17
4.4.1 Example 17
4.5 Processing Rates 18
4.6 Absence of Cues 19
4.7 Object Integration 19
4.7.1 Example 20
4.8 User Capability 20
4.9 Consistency 21
4.10 Summary of Key Human Factors 22
Review Questions/Exercises 23
References 23
5 Types of Data 25
5.1 Raw Data 25
5.2 Static Data 26
5.3 Composite Data 26
5.4 Data Scaling and Normalization 26
Review Questions/Exercises 27
6 Data Representation 29
6.1 Overview 29
6.2 Qualitative Representation 30
6.2.1 Analog 30
6.2.2 Trend 31
6.2.3 Radar Plots 32
6.3 Quantitative Representation 33
6.4 Data Coding 33
6.4.1 Color 34
6.4.2 Shape 34
6.4.3 Alphanumeric 34
6.4.4 Position 34
Review Questions/Exercises 35
References 35
7 Display Levels and Types 37
7.1 Overview 37
7.2 Display Levels 37
7.2.1 Level 1 (L1) â" COSA Graphics 38
7.2.2 Level 2 (L2) 38
7.2.3 Level 3 (L3) 38
7.2.4 Special-Purpose Displays (L4) 40
7.3 Number of Displays 40
7.4 Display Styles 45
Review Questions/Exercises 45
References 45
8 Arranging Elements 47
8.1 Overview 47
8.2 Closure 47
8.3 Emergent Features 48
8.3.1 Arrangement of Dials for Emergent Features 48
8.3.2 Arrangement of Analog Bars for Emergent Features 49
8.3.3 Normalizing for Emergent Features 49
8.3.4 Graphic Layout for Emergent Features 49
8.4 Displaying Information Logically 50
8.5 Comparing Related Items in Tabular Format 50
Review Questions/Exercises 51
Reference 51
9 Content Determination 53
9.1 Description 53
9.2 Top-Down Methods 53
9.2.1 Idef 53
9.2.2 Cta 55
9.2.3 Application of Top-Down Techniques 55
9.2.3.1 Desalter Description 55
9.2.3.2 Applying CTA to a Desalter 56
9.2.3.3 Applying IDEF to a Desalter 57
9.3 Bottom-Up Methods 58
9.4 Output 59
Review Questions/Exercises 59
References 59
10 Rudimentary Process Equipment 61
10.1 Overview 61
10.2 Blowers 61
10.2.1 Description 61
10.2.2 Key Parameters 62
10.2.3 L1 Display 62
10.2.4 L2 Display 63
10.2.5 L3 Display 63
10.3 Compressors 64
10.3.1 Description 64
10.3.2 Key Parameters 64
10.3.3 L1 Display 66
10.3.4 L2 Display 68
10.3.5 L3 Display 68
10.4 Heat Exchangers 68
10.4.1 Description 68
10.4.2 Key Parameters 68
10.4.3 L1 Display 68
10.4.4 L2 Display 71
10.4.5 L3 Display â" Steam Reboiler 71
10.4.6 L3 Display â" Fin Fan 71
10.4.7 L3 Display â" Condenser/Waste Heat Boiler (WHB) 71
10.4.8 L3 Display â" Bypass 72
10.5 Pumps 72
10.5.1 Key Parameters 73
10.5.2 L1 Display 73
10.5.3 L2 Display 73
10.5.4 L3 Display 74
10.6 Rotating Equipment Drivers 74
10.6.1 Key Parameters 74
10.6.2 L3 Display â" Turbine 74
10.7 Valves 76
10.7.1 Description 76
10.7.1.1 On-Off Valves 76
10.7.1.2 Motor-Operated Valves 77
10.7.1.3 Modulating Valves 77
10.7.2 Key Parameters 77
10.8 Common Equipment Summary 77
Review Questions/Exercises 80
Reference 80
11 Major Pieces of Equipment 81
11.1 Boilers 81
11.1.1 Description 81
11.1.2 Key Parameters 81
11.1.3 L1 Display 82
11.1.4 L2 Display 82
11.1.5 L3 Display 82
11.2 Desalters 82
11.2.1 Description 82
11.2.2 Key Parameters 82
11.2.3 L1 Display 86
11.2.4 L2 Display 86
11.2.5 L3 Display 86
11.3 Distillation Columns (Simple Distillation) 86
11.3.1 Description 86
11.3.2 Key Parameters 86
11.3.3 L1 Display 86
11.3.4 L2 Display 91
11.3.5 L3 Display 91
11.4 Fired Heaters 92
11.4.1 Description 92
11.4.2 Key Parameters 92
11.4.3 L1 Display 95
11.4.4 L2 Display 95
11.4.5 L3 Display 95
11.5 Fixed-Bed Reactors and Dryers 97
11.5.1 Description 97
11.5.2 Key Parameters 97
11.5.3 L1 Display 97
11.5.4 L2 Displays 97
11.5.5 L3 Displays 100
11.6 Fractionators (Complex Distillation) 100
11.6.1 Description 100
11.6.2 Key Parameters 100
11.6.3 L1 Display 100
11.6.4 L2 Display 100
11.6.5 L3 Display 102
11.7 Tanks (Sphere, Fixed Roof, and Floating Roof) 105
11.7.1 Description 105
11.7.2 Key Parameters 105
11.7.3 L1 Display 105
11.7.4 L2 Display 105
11.7.5 L3 Display 108
11.8 Vessels (Accumulators, Surge Drums, and Other Types) 108
11.8.1 Description 108
11.8.2 Key Parameters 108
11.8.3 L1 Display 108
11.8.4 L2 Displays 109
Review Questions/Exercises 109
12 Refinery Units 111
12.1 Overview 111
12.1.1 Refinery Overview 111
12.1.2 Building Displays 112
12.2 Crude/Vacuum Unit 114
12.2.1 Description 114
12.2.2 Key Parameters 115
12.2.3 L1 Display 116
12.2.4 L2 Display 116
12.3 Delayed Coking 120
12.3.1 Description 120
12.3.2 Key Parameters 120
12.3.3 L1 Display 121
12.3.4 L2 Display 122
12.4 Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) 124
12.4.1 Description 124
12.4.2 Key Parameters 125
12.4.3 L1 Display 125
12.4.4 L2 Display 125
12.5 Hydrotreating 129
12.5.1 Description 129
12.5.2 Key Parameters and Control 131
12.5.3 L1 Display 132
12.5.4 L2 Display 132
12.6 Naphtha Reforming 133
12.6.1 Description 133
12.6.2 Key Parameters and Control 134
12.6.3 L1 Display 136
12.6.4 L2 Display 136
12.7 Hydrocracking 137
12.7.1 Description 137
12.7.2 Key Parameters and Control 139
12.7.3 L1 Display 139
12.7.4 L2 Display 139
12.8 Amine Gas Treating 142
12.8.1 Description 142
12.8.2 Key Parameters and Control 144
12.8.3 L1 Display 146
12.8.4 L2 Display 146
12.9 Alkylation Unit 146
12.9.1 Description 146
12.9.2 HF Alkylation 146
12.9.2.1 L1 Display 147
12.9.2.2 L2 Display 147
12.9.3 Sulfuric Acid (H 2 SO 4)Alkylation 148
12.9.3.1 L1 Display 150
12.9.3.2 L2 Display 150
12.10 Sulfur Recovery Unit (SRU) and Tail Gas Treating Unit (TGTU) 151
12.10.1 Description 151
12.10.2 Key Parameters and Control 153
12.10.3 L1 Display 157
12.10.4 L2 Display 157
12.11 Flare/Flare Gas Recovery 157
12.11.1 Description 157
12.11.2 Key Parameters and Control 160
12.11.3 L1 Display 162
12.11.4 L2 Display 162
12.12 Product Blender 162
12.12.1 Description 162
12.12.2 Key Parameters and Control 165
12.12.3 L1 Display 165
12.12.4 L2 Display 165
Review Questions/Exercises 165
References 166
13 Special-Purpose Displays 167
13.1 Overview 167
13.2 Area Monitoring 167
13.3 Pumps 169
13.4 Emergency Block/Isolation Valves 173
13.5 Start-up/Shutdown 173
13.6 SISs 173
13.7 Apc 175
13.8 Vibration/Bearing Temperatures (Bentley-Nevada) 175
Review Questions/Exercises 175
Appendix A Applying Styles on a Specific Project 177
A. 1 Overview 177
A. 2 Workspace and Screen Layout 177
A.2. 1 Screen Size and Resolution 177
A.. 2 Number of Monitors 177
A.2. 3 Screen Zones 177
A.2. 4 System Toolbar 179
A.2. 5 Navigation Menu 179
A.2. 6 Widgets Area 179
A.2. 7 Alarm and Status Banner 180
A.2. 8 Faceplates 180
A.2. 9 Operating Window 181
A. 3 Displaying Visual Information 181
A.3. 1 Global Definitions 181
A.3. 2 Color Usage and Definition 181
A.. 3 Screen Background Colors 181
A.3. 4 Static Object Colors 182
A.3. 5 Dynamic Object Colors 183
A.3. 6 Alphanumeric Characters 183
A.3. 7 Alphanumeric Status Indication 184
A.3. 8 Data Bar 184
A.3. 9 Dynamic Values 185
A.3. 10 Lines 185
A. 4 Common Shape Behaviors 187
A.4. 1 Target and Selection Box 187
A.4. 2 Mouse Over 188
A.4.3 Mouse Click Functionality 188
References 188
Appendix B Designing the Graphics 189
B.1 Design Process 189
B.2 Determining the Content 189
B.2.1 Decision Mapping 189
B.2.2 Storyboarding 191
B.2.3 Storytelling 193
B.2.4 Determining Leading Indicators 194
B.3 Encoding Data Values 196
B.4 Determining Where to Display Values 196
B.5 Determining the Best Design for Remaining Objects 197
B.6 Determining the Importance of Information 197
References 197
Appendix C Cognitive Task Analysis 199
C.1 Overview 199
C.2 Fired Heater 200
C.3 Distillation and Fractionating Columns 200
C.4 Heat Exchanger 200
References 203
Appendix D Evaluating Graphics 205
D.1 Introduction 205
D.2 Clutter Coefficient and Visual Search 205
References 207
Appendix E Answers to Questions/Exercises 209
Appendix F Parameter Tag Names 215
F.1 Overview 215
F.2 Common First Letter in Tag 216
Reference 216
Glossary 217
Abbreviations 219
Bibliography 225
Index 227
