Cerebral Cortex

1 Functions of Glial Cells in the Cerebral Corte.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Electrophysiology of Cortical Glial Cells.- 2.1. Ion Distribution and Membrane Potential.- 2.2. Ion Channels of Glial Membranes.- 2.3. Responses of the Membrane Potential of Glial Cells.- 2.4. Contribution by Glia to Electrocorticographic Signals.- 3. Neuroglia and Ion Homeostasis.- 3.1. The Role of Glial Cells in the Regulation of Potassium Levels.- 3.2. Glia and pH.- 4. Glia and Transmitter Substances.- 4.1. Amino Acid Transmitters.- 4.2. Other Transmitters and Glial Cells.- 5. Pathophysiology of Cortical Glia.- 5.1. Seizures.- 5.2. Glia and Spreading Depression of Leao.- 6. Closing Remarks.- 7. References.- 2 Monoamine Innervation of Cerebral Cortex and a Theory of the Role of Monoamines in Cerebral Cortex and Basal Ganglia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Synthesis of Monoamines.- 3. Techniques of Study.- 4. Dopamine.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Anatomical Studies.- 4.3. Functional Studies.- 5. Norepinephrine.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Anatomical Studies.- 5.3. Functional Studies.- 6. Serotonin.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Anatomical Studies.- 6.3. Functional Studies.- 7. Theoretical Note on the Functions of Monoamines in Cortex and Basal Ganglia.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Corticostriatopallidal Systems: Overview.- 7.3. Unique Organization of the Prefrontal System with Regard to Monoamine Input and Corticostriatopallidal Circuitry.- 7.4. Unique Organization of the Prefrontal System with Regard to Body Representation in the SN-VTA.- 7.5. Unique Organization of the Prefrontal System with Regard to Corticosubcortical Loops in the SN-VTA.- 8. References.- 3 Cholinergic Innervation in Cerebral Cortex.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Specificity of Markers for Cholinergic Neurons.- 3. The Anatomical Characterization of Cholinergic Innervation in Cortex.- 3.1. The Cholinergic Projection from Magnocellular Forebrain Nuclei to Cerebral Cortex.- 3.2. The Cholinergic Projection from Midbrain to Frontal Cerebral Cortex.- 3.3. Intrinsic Cholinergic Neurons in Cerebral Cortex.- 4. Discussion.- 5. Alzheimer's Disease and Cortical Cholinergic Function.- 6. References.- 4 The Cholinergic Modulation of Cortical Function.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Cholinergic Innervation of Neocortex.- 3. Mechanisms of Action of ACh at the Cellular Level.- 4. Mechanisms of Action at the Level of System Function.- 5. Interactions with VIP and the Other Extrinsic Modulatory Systems.- 6. Cholinergic Influences in Plasticity, Memory, and the Potential Cholinergic Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease.- 7. Overview.- 8. References.- 5 Acetylcholinesterase in the Corte.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biochemistry of AChE.- 3. Histochemistry of AChE.- 4. Organization of the Neocortex.- 5. Biochemistry of Cholinergic and Cholinesterase-Rich Cortical Circuitry.- 6. Pharmacology and Physiology of Cholinergic Cortical Circuitry.- 7. General Enzymotectonics of Neocortex.- 8. Ultrastructural Distribution of AChE.- 9. Sources of Cortical AChE.- 10. Organization of the AChE-Rich Innervation from Basal Forebrain.- 11. Development of AChE Innervation to Neocortex.- 12. Transient AChE in Cortex.- 13. Potential Functional Implications of the AChE-Rich Innervation of Neocortex.- 14. References.- 6 GABA-Peptide Neurons of the Primate Cerebral Cortex: A Limited Cell Class.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Observations.- 2.1. Pyramidal Neurons Are Not Immunoreactive for Known Peptides.- 2.2. GABA Neurons Make Up a Large Proportion of Cortical Neurons.- 2.3. GABA Neurons Belong to Several Varieties of Cortical.- Intrinsic Neuron.- 2.4. All Cortical Neuropeptide Neurons Have a Similar Morphology.- 2.5. Many Peptide-Immunoreactive Cortical Neurons Are Immunoreactive for GABA.- 2.6. All GABA Neurons Are Not Immunoreactive for Known Peptides.- 2.7. Can Different Classes of GABA-Peptide Cortical Neurons Be Identified?.- 3. What Are the Functions of Cortical Peptide Neurons?.- 4. Conclusions.- 5. References.- 7 Number of Neurons and Synapses in Primary Visual Cortex.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Concentration of Neurons.- 2.1. Monkey.- 2.2. Cat.- 2.3. Rabbit.- 2.4. Rat.- 2.5. Mouse.- 2.6. Man.- 2.7. Discussion.- 3. Total Numbers of Neurons.- 4. Pyramidal and Nonpyramidal Cells.- 4.1. Rat Visual Cortex.- 4.2. Other Visual Cortices.- 5. Densities of Synapses.- 5.1. Counts of Total Numbers of Synapses.- 5.2. Symmetric and Asymmetric Synapses.- 5.3. Discussion.- 6. General Discussion.- 7. References.- 8 Electrophysiology of Hippocampal Neurons.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Theta Activity.- 1.2. Field Potentials.- 1.3. Functional Role.- 2. Electrotonic Structure.- 3. Membrane Conductances and Action Potentials.- 3.1. Sodium (Na+).- 3.2. Chloride (CI-).- 3.3. Calcium (Ca2+).- 3.4. Potassium (K+).- 4. Local Circuitry and Cellular Interactions.- 4.1. Cell Types and Connections.- 4.2. EPSPs and IPSPs.- 4.3. Population Synchronization.- 5. Neurotransmitters.- 5.1. Acidic Amino Acids.- 5.2. GABA.- 5.3. Acetylcholine.- 5.4. Norepinephrine.- 5.5. Serotonin.- 5.6. Dopamine.- 5.7. Histamine.- 5.8. Adenosine.- 5.9. Peptides.- 6. Plasticity.- 6.1. Paired-Pulse Inhibition.- 6.2. Paired-Pulse Facilitation.- 6.3. Frequency Facilitation.- 6.4. Long-Term Potentiation.- 6.5. Learning and Memory.- 7. Epileptogenesis.- 8. Conclusion.- 9. References.- 9 The Hippocampal Formation of the Primate Brain: A Review of Some Comparative Aspects of Cytoarchitecture and Connections.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Etymology and Nomenclature.- 3. Phylogenetic Considerations.- 4. Comparative Cytoarchitectonics.- 4.1. Longitudinal Levels of the Hippocampal Formation.- 4.2. Cytoarchitecture of the Main Body of the Hippocampal Formation.- 4.3. Cytoarchitecture of the Uncal Hippocampal Formation.- 5. Neurohistochemistry.- 5.1. The Main Body of the Hippocampal Formation.- 5.2. The Uncus and Genu of the Hippocampal Formation.- 6. Connectivity.- 6.1. Extrinsic Afferents.- 6.2. Intrinsic Afferents and Efferents.- 6.3. Commissural Afferents and Efferents.- 6.4. Extrinsic Efferents.- 6.5. Summary and Conclusions.- 7. Fiber Tracts of the Hippocampal Formation.- 7.1. The Alveus.- 7.2. The Fimbria.- 7.3. The Fornix.- 7.4. The Dorsal Fornix.- 7.5. The Callosal Perforating Fibers of the Fornix.- 7.6. The Angular Bundle and Perforant or Temporoammonic Pathway.- 7.7. Superficial Presubicular Pathway.- 7.8. The Hippocampal Commissures.- 8. Immunohistochemistry.- 9. Functional Considerations.- 10. Abbreviations.- 11. References.