ASN.1 Complete

By: John Larmouth, J. Larmouth

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Paperback | 1 October 1999

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504 Pages

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ASN.1 Complete teaches you everything you need to know about ASN.1-whether you're specifying a new protocol or implementing an existing one in a software or hardware development project. Inside, the author begins with an overview of ASN.1's most commonly encountered features, detailing and illustrating standard techniques for using them. He then goes on to apply the same practice-oriented approach to all of the notation's other features, providing you with an easy-to-navigate, truly comprehensive tutorial.
The book also includes thorough documentation of both the Basic and the Packed Encoding Rules-indispensable coverage for anyone doing hand-encoding, and a valuable resource for anyone wanting a deeper understanding of how ASN.1 and ASN.1 tools work. The concluding section takes up the history of ASN.1, in terms of both the evolution of the notation itself and the role it has played in hundreds of protocols and thousands of applications developed since its inception.

Features

* Covers all the features-common and not so common-available to you when writing a protocol specification using ASN.1.* Teaches you to read, understand, and implement a specification written using ASN.1.* Explains how ASN.1 tools work and how to use them.* Contains hundreds of detailed examples, all verified using OSS's ASN.1 Tools package.* Considers ASN.1 in relation to other protocol specification standards.

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Non-Fiction Computing & I.T.Computer Programming & Software Development Programming & Scripting Languages Engineering & Technology Technology in General Computer Networking & Communications Networking Standards & Protocols Computer Science

Foreword	p. xxi
Introduction	p. xxiii
The Global Communications Infrastructure	p. xxiii
What Exactly Is ASN.1?	p. xxiv
The Development Process with ASN.1	p. xxvi
Structure of the Text	p. xxvii
ASN.1 Overview	p. 1
Specification of Protocols	p. 3
What Is a Protocol?	p. 3
Protocol Specification: Some Basic Concepts	p. 6
Layering and Protocol "Holes"	p. 6
Early Developments of Layering	p. 8
The Disadvantages of Layering: Keep It Simple!	p. 9
Extensibility	p. 9
Abstract and Transfer Syntax	p. 12
Command Line or Statement-Based Approaches	p. 13
Use of an Interface Definition Language	p. 14
More on Abstract and Transfer Syntaxes	p. 15
Abstract Values and Types	p. 15
Encoding Abstract Values	p. 16
Evaluative Discussion	p. 18
There Are Many Ways of Skinning a Cat: Does It Matter?	p. 18
Early Work with Multiple Transfer Syntaxes
Benefits	p. 19
Protocol Specification and Implementation: A Series of Case Studies	p. 24
Octet Sequences and Fields within Octets	p. 24
The TLV Approach	p. 24
The Edifact Graphical Syntax	p. 26
Use of BNF to Specify a Character-Based Syntax	p. 27
Specification and Implementation Using ASN.1: Early 1980s	p. 29
Specification and Implementation Using ASN.1: 1990s	p. 31
Introduction to ASN.1	p. 34
Introduction	p. 34
The Example	p. 35
The Top-Level Type	p. 36
Bold Is What Matters!	p. 36
Names in Italics Are Used to Tie Things Together	p. 37
Names in Normal Font Are the Names of Fields/Elements/Items	p. 37
Back to the Example!	p. 38
The BranchIdentification Type	p. 41
Those Tags	p. 43
Getting Rid of the Different Fonts	p. 45
Tying Up Some Loose Ends	p. 46
Summary of Type and Value Assignments	p. 46
The Form of Names	p. 47
Layout and Comment	p. 47
So What Else Do You Need to Know?	p. 49
Structuring an ASN.1 Specification	p. 50
An Example	p. 51
Publication Style for ASN.1 Specifications	p. 52
Use of Line Numbers	p. 53
Duplicating the ASN.1 Text	p. 54
Providing Machine-Readable Copy	p. 55
Returning to the Module Header!	p. 56
Syntactic Discussion	p. 56
The Tagging Environment	p. 58
The Extensibility Environment	p. 61
Exports/Imports Statements	p. 64
Refining Our Structure	p. 67
Complete Specifications	p. 71
Conclusion	p. 72
The Basic Data Types and Construction Mechanisms: Closure	p. 73
Illustration by Example	p. 74
Discussion of the Built-In Types	p. 75
The Boolean Type	p. 75
The Integer Type	p. 75
The Enumerated Type	p. 78
The Real Type	p. 79
The Bit String Type	p. 81
The Octet String Type	p. 86
The Null Type	p. 86
Some Character String Types	p. 87
The Object Identifier Type	p. 88
The ObjectDescriptor Type	p. 89
The Two ASN.1 Date/Time Types	p. 90
Additional Notational Constructs	p. 93
The Selection-Type Notation	p. 93
The Components of Notation	p. 94
Sequence or Set?	p. 96
Sequence, Set, and Choice (Etc.) Value-Notation	p. 97
What Else is in X.680/ISO 8824-1?	p. 98
Reference to More Complex Areas	p. 100
Object Identifiers	p. 101
Character String Types	p. 101
Subtyping	p. 104
Tagging	p. 106
Extensibility, Exceptions, and Version Brackets	p. 107
Hole Types	p. 108
Macros	p. 109
Information Object Classes and Objects and Object Sets	p. 110
Other Types of Constraint	p. 111
Parameterization	p. 112
The ASN.1 Semantic Model	p. 112
Conclusion	p. 113
Using an ASN.1 Compiler	p. 114
The Route to an Implementation	p. 115
What is an ASN.1 Compiler?	p. 115
The Overall Features of an ASN.1-Compiler-Tool	p. 118
Use of a Simple Library of Encode/Decode Routines	p. 118
Encoding	p. 119
Decoding	p. 121
Using an ASN.1-Compiler-Tool	p. 121
Basic Considerations	p. 121
What Do Tool Designers Have To Decide?	p. 122
The Mapping to a Programming-Language Data Structure	p. 123
Memory and CPU Tradeoffs at Run-Time	p. 124
Control of a Tool	p. 125
Use of the "OSS ASN.1 Tools" Product	p. 126
What Makes One ASN.1-Compiler-Tool Better than Another?	p. 128
Conclusion	p. 130
Management and Design Issues for ASN.1 Specification and Implementation	p. 131
Global Issues for Management Decisions	p. 132
Specification	p. 132
Implementation: Setting the Budget	p. 133
Implementation Platform and Tools	p. 135
Issues for Specifiers	p. 136
Guiding Principles	p. 136
Decisions on Style	p. 137
Your Top-Level Type	p. 138
Integer Sizes and Bounds	p. 138
Extensibility Issues	p. 140
Exception Handling	p. 141
Parameterization Issues	p. 146
Unconstrained Open Types	p. 147
Tagging Issues	p. 147
Keeping It Simple	p. 148
Issues for Implementors	p. 149
Guiding Principles	p. 149
Know Your Tool	p. 150
Sizes of Integers	p. 150
Ambiguities and Implementation-Dependencies in Specifications	p. 151
Corrigenda	p. 152
Extensibility and Exception Handling	p. 152
Care with Hand Encodings	p. 152
Mailing Lists	p. 153
Good Engineering: Version 2 WIll Come!	p. 153
Conclusion	p. 154
Further Details	p. 155
The Object Identifier Type	p. 157
Introduction	p. 157
The Object Identifier Tree	p. 158
Information Objects	p. 160
Value Notation	p. 162
Uses of the Object Identifier Type	p. 163
The Character String Types	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
NumericString	p. 166
PrintableString	p. 167
VisibleString (ISO646String)	p. 167
IA5String	p. 168
TeletexString (T61String)	p. 168
VideotexString	p. 169
GraphicString	p. 169
GeneralString	p. 169
UniversalString	p. 169
BMPString	p. 170
UTF8String	p. 170
Recommended Character String Types	p. 171
Value Notation for Character String Types	p. 172
The ASN.1-CHARACTER-MODULE	p. 175
Conclusion	p. 175
Subtyping	p. 177
Introduction	p. 177
Basic Concepts and Set Arithmetic	p. 178
Single Value Subtyping	p. 181
Value Range Subtyping	p. 181
Permitted Alphabet Constraints	p. 182
Size Constraints	p. 184
Contained Subtype Constraints	p. 186
Inner Subtyping	p. 187
Introduction	p. 187
Subsetting Wineco-Protocol	p. 189
Inner Subtyping of an Array	p. 192
Conclusion	p. 192
Tagging	p. 194
Review of Earlier Discussions	p. 194
The Tag Name-Space	p. 196
An Abstract Model of Tagging	p. 200
The Rules for When Tags Are Required to Be Distinct	p. 202
Automatic Tagging	p. 204
Conclusion	p. 204
Extensibility, Exceptions, and Version Brackets	p. 205
The Extensibility Concept	p. 206
The Extension Marker	p. 207
The Exception Specification	p. 207
Where Can the Ellipsis Be Placed?	p. 208
Version Brackets	p. 209
The {...} Notation	p. 210
Interaction Between Extensibility and Tagging	p. 210
Conclusion	p. 212
Information Object Classes, Constraints, and Parameterization	p. 214
The Need for "Holes" and Notational Support for Them	p. 215
OSI Layering	p. 215
Hole Support in ASN.1	p. 216
The ROSE Invocation Model	p. 217
Introduction	p. 217
Responding to the INVOKE Message	p. 219
The Use of Tables to Complete the User Specification	p. 220
Specifying the Tables	p. 221
From Specific to General	p. 223
From Tables to Information Object Classes	p. 224
The Rose Operation and Error Object Class Definitions	p. 227
Defining the Information Objects	p. 228
Defining an Information Object Set	p. 230
Using the Information to Complete the ROSE Protocol	p. 233
The Need for Parameterization	p. 237
What Has Not Been Said Yet?	p. 240
More on Classes, Constraints, and Parameterization	p. 242
Information Object Class Fields	p. 242
Type Fields	p. 243
Fixed Type Value Fields	p. 245
Variable Type Value Fields	p. 246
Fixed Type Value Set Fields	p. 247
Variable Type Value Set Fields	p. 248
Object Fields	p. 248
Object Set Fields	p. 249
Extended Field Names	p. 249
Variable Syntax for Information Object Definition	p. 250
Constraints Revisited--the User-Defined Constraint	p. 256
The Full Story on Parameterization	p. 258
What Can Be Parameterized and Be a Parameter?	p. 258
Parameters of the Abstract Syntax	p. 262
Making Your Requirements Explicit	p. 263
The (Empty) Extensible Information Object Set	p. 268
Other Provision for "Holes"	p. 270
ANY	p. 270
Any Defined By	p. 271
External	p. 272
Embedded Pdv	p. 273
Character String	p. 273
Octet String and Bit String	p. 275
Remarks to Conclude Section II	p. 275
Encodings	p. 277
Introduction to Encoding Rules	p. 279
What Are Encoding Rules, and Why the Chapter Subtitle?	p. 279
What Are the Advantages of the Encoding Rules Approach?	p. 281
Defining Encodings--the TLV Approach	p. 283
Extensibility or "Future Proofing"	p. 285
First Attempts at Per--Start with Ber and Remove Redundant Octets	p. 286
Some of the Principles of Per	p. 288
Breaking Out of the Ber Straightjacket	p. 288
How to Cope with Other Problems that a "T" Solves?	p. 289
Do We Still Need T and L for Sequence and Set Headers?	p. 291
Aligned and Unaligned Per	p. 292
Extensibility--You Have to Have It!	p. 293
What More Do You Need to Know About Per?	p. 294
Experience with Per	p. 295
Distinguished and Canonical Encoding Rules	p. 297
Conclusion	p. 298
The Basic Encoding Rules	p. 300
Introduction	p. 300
General Issues	p. 301
Notation for Bit Numbers and Diagrams	p. 301
The Identifier Octets	p. 302
The Length Octets	p. 304
Encodings of the V Part of the Main Types	p. 308
Encoding a Null Value	p. 308
Encoding a Boolean Value	p. 309
Encoding an Integer Value	p. 309
Encoding an Enumerated Value	p. 310
Encoding a Real Value	p. 310
Encoding an Octet String Value	p. 315
Encoding a Bit String Value	p. 316
Encoding Values of Tagged Types	p. 317
Encoding Values of Choice Types	p. 318
Encoding Sequence of Values	p. 319
Encoding SET OF Values	p. 319
Encoding SEQUENCE and SET Values	p. 320
Handling of OPTIONAL and DEFAULT Elements in Sequence and Set	p. 321
Encoding OBJECT IDENTIFIER Values	p. 322
Encoding Character String Values	p. 325
Encoding Values of the Time Types	p. 327
Encodings for More Complex Constructions	p. 328
Open Types	p. 328
The Embedded PDV Type and the External Type	p. 328
The INSTANCE OF Type	p. 329
The CHARACTER STRING Type	p. 329
Conclusion	p. 329
The Packed Encoding Rules	p. 330
Introduction	p. 331
Structure of a PER Encoding	p. 332
General Form	p. 332
Partial Octet Alignment and PER Variants	p. 333
Canonical Encodings	p. 333
The Outer-Level Complete Encoding	p. 334
Encoding Values of Extensible Types	p. 335
PER-Visible Constraints	p. 338
The Concept	p. 338
The Effect of Variable Parameters	p. 339
Character Strings with Variable Length Encodings	p. 339
Now Let Us Get Complicated!	p. 340
Encoding INTEGERs--Preparatory Discussion	p. 342
Effective Size and Alphabet Constraints	p. 344
Statement of the Problem	p. 344
Effective Size Constraint	p. 345
Effective Alphabet Constraint	p. 345
Canonical Order of Tags	p. 346
Encoding an Unbounded Count	p. 347
The Three Forms of Length Encoding	p. 347
Encoding "Normally Small" Values	p. 349
Comments on Encodings of Unbounded Counts	p. 350
Encoding the OPTIONAL Bit-Map and the CHOICE Index	p. 351
The OPTIONAL Bit-Map	p. 351
The CHOICE Index	p. 352
Encoding NULL and BOOLEAN Values	p. 353
Encoding INTEGER Values	p. 353
Unconstrained Integer Types	p. 353
Semiconstrained Integer Types	p. 354
Constrained Integer Types	p. 354
And if the Constraint on the Integer Is Extensible?	p. 357
Encoding ENUMERATED Values	p. 358
Encoding Length Determinants of Strings, etc.	p. 359
Encoding Character String Values	p. 361
Bits per Character	p. 361
Padding Bits	p. 364
Extensible Character String Types	p. 364
Encoding SEQUENCE and SET Values	p. 365
Encoding DEFAULT Values	p. 366
Encoding Extension Additions	p. 366
Encoding CHOICE Values	p. 369
Encoding SEQUENCE OF and SET OF Values	p. 370
Encoding REAL and OBJECT IDENTIFIER Values	p. 370
Encoding an Open Type	p. 371
Encoding of the Remaining Types	p. 372
Conclusion	p. 373
Other ASN.1-Related Encoding Rules	p. 375
Why Do People Suggest New Encoding Rules?	p. 376
LWER--Light-Weight Encoding Rules	p. 377
The LWER Approach	p. 377
The Way to Proceed Was Agreed	p. 378
Problems, Problems, Problems	p. 378
The Demise of LWER	p. 380
MBER--Minimum Bit Encoding Rules	p. 381
OER--Octet Encoding Rules	p. 381
Extended Mark-up Language (XML) Encoding Rules (XER)	p. 383
Building Automation Committee Network (BACnet) Encoding Rules (BACnetER)	p. 383
Encoding Control Specifications	p. 384
History and Applications	p. 385
The Development of ASN.1	p. 387
People	p. 388
Going Round in Circles?	p. 389
Who Produces Standards?	p. 391
The Numbers Game	p. 393
The Early Years--X.409 and All That	p. 394
Drafts Are Exchanged and the Name ASN.1 Is Assigned	p. 394
Splitting BER from the Notation	p. 395
When Are Changes Technical Changes?	p. 396
The Near-Demise of ASN.1--OPERATION and ERROR	p. 397
Organization and Reorganization!	p. 399
The Tool Vendors	p. 400
Object Identifiers	p. 401
Long or Short, Human or Computer Friendly, That Is the Question	p. 401
Where Should the Object Identifier Tree be Defined?	p. 403
The Battle for Top-Level Arcs and the Introduction of RELATIVE-OIDs	p. 404
The REAL Type	p. 405
Character String Types: Let's Try to Keep it Short!	p. 406
From the Beginning to ASCII	p. 406
The Emergence of the International Register of Character Sets	p. 407
The Development Of ISO 8859	p. 409
The Emergence of ISO 10646 and Unicode	p. 409
And the Impact of All this on ASN.1?	p. 413
ANY, Macros, and Information Objects--Hard to Keep That Short (Even the Heading Has Gone to Two Lines)!	p. 416
The ASN.1 (1990) Controversy	p. 419
The Emergence of PER	p. 420
The First Attempt--PER-2	p. 420
The Second Attempt--PER-1	p. 424
And Eventually We Get Real-Per	p. 424
DER and CER	p. 425
Semantic Models and All That--ASN.1 in the Late 1990s	p. 427
What Got Away?	p. 428
Applications of ASN.1	p. 430
Introduction	p. 430
The Origins in X.400	p. 432
The Move into Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) and ISO	p. 433
Use within the Protocol Testing Community	p. 434
Use within the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)	p. 435
Use in ITU-T and Multimedia Standards	p. 435
Use in European and American Standardization Groups	p. 436
Use for Managing Computer-Controlled Systems	p. 438
Use in PKCS and PKIX and SET and Other Security-Related Protocols	p. 439
Use in Other Internet Specifications	p. 441
Use in Major Corporate Enterprises and Agencies	p. 441
Conclusion	p. 442
Appendices	p. 443
The Wineco Protocol Scenario	p. 445
The Full Protocol for Wineco	p. 447
Compiler Output for C Support for the Wineco Protocol	p. 451
Compiler Output for Java Support for the Wineco Protocol	p. 453
ASN.1 Resources via the Web	p. 465
Index	p. 467
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

ASN.1 Complete

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