Preface xv
Section A Initial State of Adhesive Joints 1
A.1 Adhesion and Interphases: The Basic Ideas in Brief 3
Wulï¬ Possart
A.1.1 Introductory Remarks and General Concepts 3
A.1.2 Fundamental Adhesive Interactions â" the Microscopic Origin and Further Concepts 4
A.1.3 The Interphase â" Elemental State of the Adhesiveâ"Adherend Phase Boundary 28
A.1.4 Closing Remarks: Fundamental vs. Practical Adhesion 35
A.2 Adhesive Network Formation: Continuum Mechanical Modelling and Simulation 43
Gunnar Possart and Paul Steinmann
A.2.1 Introduction 43
A.2.2 Phenomenological Observations in Polymer Curing 44
A.2.3 One-dimensional Linear Viscoelastic Curing at Small Strains 45
A.2.4 Three-dimensional Linear Viscoelastic Curing at Small Strains 52
A.2.5 Three-dimensional Curing at Large Strains 55
A.2.6 Material Parameter Evolutions During Curing 65
A.2.7 Epoxyâ"Ceramics Composite: Photoelasticity and Curing Shrinkage 69
A.3 Mechanical Interphases in Adhesive Joints: Characterisation Methods and FE-Simulations 79
Gunnar Possart and Paul Steinmann
A.3.1 Introduction 79
A.3.2 High-Resolution Shear Testing by Scanning Electron Microscopy 84
A.3.3 Nanoindentations Across Adhesive Joints 110
A.3.4 Scanning Brillouin Microscopy 120
A.3.5 Conclusions and Outlook 126
A.4 Fracture Mechanics of Adhesive Joints 135
Markus Brede
A.4.1 Introduction 135
A.4.2 Linear-elastic Fracture Mechanics 137
A.4.3 Fracture in Materials with Energy Dissipation 143
A.4.4 The Cohesive Zone Model and Fracture of Joints with Toughened Adhesives 145
A.4.5 The Micro-structure of Toughened Adhesives 156
A.4.6 Conclusions 161
Section B Artiï¬cial Ageing and Failure of Adhesive Joints 167
B.1 Ageing Phenomena in Polymers: A Short Survey 169
Alexander Herzig, Michael Johlitz and Alexander Lion
B.1.1 What Is Ageing? A Brief Introduction to the Deterioration of Polymers 169
B.1.2 Diï¬erent Types of Polymer Ageing 171
B.1.3 Experimental Investigations on the Ageing Behaviour of Polymers 181
B.1.4 Inï¬uence of Ageing on the Properties of Polymers 191
B.2 Continuum Modelling of Ageing Adhesive Joints 205
Stefan Diebels, Florian Goldschmidt and Frederik Scherï¬
B.2.1 Outline 205
B.2.2 Continuum Mechanics of Single-phase Materials 206
B.2.3 Additional Fields 222
B.2.4 Summary 226
B.3 Crack Growth in Adhesive Joints: Balance of Energy for Mode I Crack Propagation 229
Olaf Hesebeck, Udo Meyer, Andrea Sondag and Markus Brede
B.3.1 Introduction 229
B.3.2 Estimate of Plastic Work Using Finite Element Simulation 233
B.3.3 TDCB Tests with Infrared Camera 248
B.3.4 Discussion 258
B.3.5 Summary 262
B.4 Joints with a Basic Epoxy Adhesive: Ageing Processes 265
L©o Depollier, Jesus Ernesto Huacuja-S¡nchez and Wulï¬ Possart
B.4.1 Introduction 265
B.4.2 Experimental Strategy 266
B.4.3 Water Diï¬usion in EP Bulk and Adhesive Joints 273
B.4.4 Mechanical Properties of Fresh and Aged Adhesive Joints 279
B.4.5 Chemical Ageing Processes 288
B.4.6 Chemical Ageing Versus Physical Plasticisation 299
B.4.7 Basic Epoxy Versus Commercial Epoxy Adhesives 300
B.4.8 Summary and Conclusions 304
B.5 Steel Joints with a Basic Polyurethane Adhesive â" Ageing Processes 309
Jesus E. Huacuja-S¡nchez, Philipp Engel and Wulï¬ Possart
B.5.1 Introduction 309
B.5.2 PU Adhesive and Sample Preparation 313
B.5.3 Artiï¬cial Ageing Conditions 314
B.5.4 Ageing of Bulk Polyurethane Adhesive PU9010 in Water 315
B.5.5 Ageing in Adhesive Joints PU9010â"Corundum Blasted Mild Steel S235 331
B.5.6 Conclusions 346
B.6 Viscoelasticity in Ageing Joints â" Experiments and Simulation 355
Florian Goldschmidt, Stefan Diebels, Frederik Scherï¬, L©o Depollier, Jesus Ernesto Huacuja-Sanchez and Wulï¬ Possart
B.6.1 Motivation 355
B.6.2 Transport Processes in Adhesives 355
B.6.3 Constitutive Equations 358
B.6.4 Data Evaluation and Results 364
B.6.5 Summary 372
B.7 On the Energy Release Rate of Aged Adhesive Joints 375
Markus Brede, Andrea Sondag, Olaf Hesebeck and Barbara Schneider
B.7.1 Introduction 375
B.7.2 Experimental and Deï¬nitions 376
B.7.3 Ageing of Polyurethane Adhesive Joints 385
B.7.4 Ageing of Epoxy Adhesive Joints 394
B.7.5 Summary and Conclusions 403
B.8 Cohesive Zone Model for Moist Adhesive Joints 405
Olaf Hesebeck, Florian Goldschmidt and Stefan Diebels
B.8.1 Introduction 405
B.8.2 Transfer from Continuum to Cohesive Zone Model 406
B.8.3 Simulation of Diï¬usion 418
B.8.4 Automation of Model Extension 420
B.8.5 Summary 424
Section C Weathering of Adhesive Joints and Life Time Prediction 427
C.1 Adhesive Application Under High-power Ultrasound: Eï¬ects on Durability 429
Barbara Schneider, Jens Holtmannsp¶tter, Markus Spallek and J¼rgen von Czarnecki
C.1.1 A Power Ultrasound Process for Contamination-tolerant Adhesive Application on Critical Surfaces 429
C.1.2 Eï¬ects of Power Ultrasound 431
C.1.3 Determination of the Cleaning Behaviour by Power Ultrasound 433
C.1.4 Application 442
C.1.5 Summary 446
C.2 Long-term Behaviour of Adhesively Bonded Timberâ"Concrete Composites 449
Werner Seim and Lars Eisenhut
C.2.1 Introduction 449
C.2.2 Hygro-thermal Impact 450
C.2.3 Numerical Description of Hygro-thermal Phenomena 452
C.2.4 Experimental Studies 459
C.2.5 Model Validation 464
C.2.6 Summary and Conclusion 467
C.3 Adhesive as a Permanent Shear Connection for Composite Beams 471
Wolfgang Kurz, Markus Kludka, Ruben Friedland and Paul-Ludwig Gei?
C.3.1 Materials 472
C.3.2 Description of the Small-scale Specimens 473
C.3.3 Ageing of Lap Shear Specimens 475
C.3.4 Test Results 476
C.3.5 Large-scale Composite Beams 481
C.3.6 Analytical Calculation of the Adhesive Stress in Composite Beams 487
C.3.7 Conclusions 498
C.4 Concluding Remarks 501
Wulï¬ Possart, Stefan Diebels and Markus Brede
Index 513
