| Acknowledgements | p. viii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| What Does the Public Find in Zoos? | p. 5 |
| The lay person's conception | p. 5 |
| Conceptions presupposed by animal welfare/liberation and animal rights | p. 7 |
| The zoo's conception | p. 10 |
| The zoological conception | p. 11 |
| Conclusion | p. 15 |
| Animals in the Wild | p. 16 |
| Natural evolution and natural selection | p. 16 |
| Trajectory and the distinction between 'by themselves' and 'for themselves' | p. 17 |
| Implications of natural evolution/natural selection in the light of the notion of trajectory | p. 20 |
| Conclusion | p. 24 |
| 'Wild Animals in Captivity': Is This an Oxymoron? | p. 25 |
| 'Wild animals in captivity' | p. 25 |
| Freshly caught 'wild animals in captivity' | p. 26 |
| 'Wild' is the antonym of 'tame' | p. 27 |
| Conclusion | p. 29 |
| Decontextualised and Recontextualised | p. 30 |
| Geographical dislocation and relocation | p. 31 |
| Recontextualised as a collection of exhibits | p. 32 |
| Habitat dislocation and relocation: the naturalistic environment | p. 35 |
| Conclusion | p. 41 |
| Lifestyle Dislocation and Relocation | p. 42 |
| Spatial miniaturisation in habitat simulation | p. 42 |
| Hotelification | p. 47 |
| Conclusion | p. 49 |
| Suspension of Natural Evolution | p. 51 |
| Medication | p. 51 |
| Suspension of natural evolution | p. 52 |
| Conclusion | p. 57 |
| Domestication and Immuration | p. 58 |
| Domestication: how it is normally defined | p. 58 |
| Immuration | p. 64 |
| Conclusion | p. 78 |
| Biotic Artefacts | p. 81 |
| Artefacts | p. 81 |
| Biotic artefacts | p. 82 |
| Type/token distinction revisited | p. 86 |
| Conclusion | p. 88 |
| Justifications Deemed Serious | p. 89 |
| Scientific research | p. 90 |
| Conservation | p. 93 |
| Education | p. 101 |
| Conclusion | p. 110 |
| Justification Deemed Frivolous | p. 112 |
| Why frivolous? | p. 112 |
| Shared presuppositions | p. 113 |
| Conclusion | p. 116 |
| Philosophy and Policy | p. 118 |
| The zoological conception and its ontological presuppositions | p. 118 |
| The zoo conception and its ontological presuppositions | p. 119 |
| The lay conception and its ontological presuppositions | p. 120 |
| Philosophy of animal welfare | p. 121 |
| Philosophy of animal rights | p. 121 |
| Policy conclusions | p. 122 |
| Conclusion | p. 125 |
| Summary of ontological implications for policy making | p. 127 |
| Environmental Enrichment or Enrichment | p. 128 |
| Notes | p. 132 |
| References and Select Bibliography | p. 166 |
| Index | p. 171 |
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