| Issues and Questions | |
| Disappearing Rainforests: New Solutions | p. 3 |
| Introduction | p. 3 |
| But Why Another Book on Forests? | p. 5 |
| There is Certainly no Shortage of Material | p. 5 |
| There are Still Some Things Left to Say | p. 8 |
| The Dynamics of Forest Loss | p. 9 |
| Natural Forests are in Decline | p. 9 |
| So, is the World Running Out of Wood? | p. 10 |
| Can Developing International Trade and Natural Forests Survival Be Compatible? | p. 11 |
| What Else is Happening to Natural Forests? | p. 12 |
| Setting the Scene for Sustainability: Valuation; and Financing of the Forests | p. 14 |
| What Has Happened to Forests Sustainability So Far? | p. 15 |
| Valuing Forests: The Full Ecosystem; and the Carbon Values | p. 15 |
| Financing Change in the Forests | p. 16 |
| References | p. 17 |
| Global Forests: Debate and Dysfunction | p. 19 |
| Defining the Problem #1: A Dysfunctional Dialogue | p. 20 |
| The Problem You See Depends on Where You Stand | p. 22 |
| The Search for Perspective: "You Talk; We Chop" | p. 23 |
| Re-evaluation, or Late Onset Apostasy? | p. 25 |
| Re-focusing the Discussion | p. 26 |
| Defining the Problem #2: Sustainability and Forests Value-The Basic Issues | p. 27 |
| What Have Forests To Do with Global Economics? | p. 28 |
| A Question of Value | p. 29 |
| Sustainability: The Elusive Objective | p. 29 |
| Why Has Sustainable Forest Management Not Worked? | p. 30 |
| Never Mind the Differences on Sustainability: Can't We All Just Get Along? | p. 33 |
| Asking the Wrong Questions | p. 33 |
| The Right Question | p. 35 |
| Implications for Some Popular Current Approaches to Sustainability | p. 35 |
| The Global Dialogue on Forests: Moribunds, Mercantilists, and Manicheans | p. 36 |
| References | p. 39 |
| The State of Global Forest Resources | p. 41 |
| The State of the World's Forests | p. 43 |
| The Historical Picture | p. 43 |
| Global Forest Cover and Cover Change | p. 44 |
| Tropical Rainforests: A Key Concern | p. 48 |
| Forest Ecosystem Services | p. 49 |
| Irreversibility of Rainforest Loss: A Key Concern | p. 51 |
| The Implications of Reducing Deforestation | p. 51 |
| References | p. 52 |
| The Dynamics of Forest Loss | |
| Are Trade and Forests Survival Compatible? | p. 55 |
| Where Trade Is Going: Emerging Trends | p. 56 |
| How Future Demand Can Be Met: Rapidly Changing Supply Patterns | p. 58 |
| The Raw Material Base | p. 58 |
| Forest Industry | p. 59 |
| Are Impacts of Trade Liberalization on Forests Positive? | p. 60 |
| Winners and Losers Under Trade Liberalization | p. 61 |
| Can Trade Rules Differentiate Sustainably Produced Forest Products? | p. 62 |
| Protection of Forest-Related Intellectual Property Rights | p. 63 |
| Trade in Intergovernmental Forest Agreements | p. 64 |
| Pressures from Non-governmental Organizations | p. 65 |
| Taking Stock | p. 66 |
| Has Certification of Forest Management Created Value for Forest Resources? | p. 67 |
| Lagging Developing Countries and Uncertain Market Benefits | p. 67 |
| A Tug-of-War Between International Schemes | p. 68 |
| Improving Effectiveness of Certification | p. 70 |
| A Distorted Playing Field: Addressing Illegal Logging | p. 71 |
| Causes of Illegal Logging and trade | p. 72 |
| Emerging Market Requirements | p. 73 |
| Trade Measures in Combating Illegal Logging and Trade | p. 74 |
| Can Certification Impact upon Illegal Logging? | p. 75 |
| Taking Stock | p. 76 |
| New Opportunities and Challenges for Trade in the Valuation of Forests | p. 76 |
| Conclusions | p. 78 |
| References | p. 79 |
| Deforestation: Causes and Symptoms | p. 81 |
| Rainforests: A Tragedy of the Commons? | p. 82 |
| Agricultural Technology and Deforestation | p. 84 |
| The Impact of Burgeoning Plantation and Grazing Commodities | p. 85 |
| Cattle Ranching (Brazil) | p. 86 |
| Soy | p. 87 |
| Biofuels | p. 88 |
| Palm Oil | p. 90 |
| Forest Industry Plantations and the Pulp and Paper Sector | p. 91 |
| Some Other Factors in Deforestation | p. 94 |
| Mining | p. 94 |
| Wood Fuel | p. 95 |
| Pioneer Shifting Cultivation | p. 95 |
| Infrastructure | p. 96 |
| Illegal Logging | p. 96 |
| Commentary on Some Corrective Options | p. 98 |
| International Demand Management | p. 98 |
| Eliminating Perverse Production Incentives | p. 100 |
| Separating Causes and Symptoms | p. 101 |
| References | p. 103 |
| Sustainability and Valuation of the Forests | |
| Sustainability Versus Ideology in the Forests | p. 107 |
| Global Environmental Sustainability: The Shifting Paradigm | p. 108 |
| Malthus: The Original Prophet of Economic Doom | p. 108 |
| The Inheritors of Malthus | p. 109 |
| Growth Protagonists Push Back | p. 110 |
| The Environmental Kuznets Curve | p. 111 |
| Taking Stock | p. 112 |
| Forests and the Broader Economy | p. 114 |
| Applying the Environmental Kuznets Curve to Forests | p. 114 |
| Forests in the Broader Economy | p. 115 |
| Financing Sustainability in Forests Has Been Inadequate | p. 117 |
| Multilateral Agreements on Global Environmental Sustainability | p. 118 |
| The Stockholm Agreement | p. 119 |
| The Brundtland Report | p. 119 |
| The Rio Earth Summit | p. 120 |
| The Kyoto Protocol | p. 121 |
| The World Summit on Sustainable Development | p. 121 |
| A Brief Look at Multilateral Involvement in Forests | p. 122 |
| Sustainable Forest Management | p. 123 |
| The Tropical Forestry Action Plan | p. 124 |
| The International Tropical Timber Organization | p. 127 |
| The Intergovernmental Dialogue on Forests | p. 127 |
| The Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Initiatives | p. 130 |
| Forest Policy in the World Bank: Ideas vs Ideologies | p. 130 |
| The "Chilling Effect" of Bank Forests Sector Policy | p. 131 |
| The New World Bank Forests Sector Strategy and Policy | p. 133 |
| The Chill is (Not) Gone | p. 136 |
| Problems with Ideology: The Conservation International case | p. 138 |
| Developing Perspectives on Sustaining Forests | p. 142 |
| References | p. 144 |
| Financing Forests Sustainability from Ecosystem Values | p. 147 |
| The Failure of Forests Sustainability: A Question of Perceived Value | p. 148 |
| Valuing the Natural Forests: Qualitative Assessments | p. 149 |
| Quantifying Ecosystem Values | p. 150 |
| Forests and Climate Change | p. 151 |
| Stored Forest Carbon: Leading the New Sustainability Paradigm | p. 156 |
| Will Reducing Tropical Rainforest Deforestation Be a Cost Effective GHG Strategy? | p. 156 |
| A Case Study: Oil Palm in Indonesia | p. 159 |
| Would Rainforest Governments Finance Sustainability in Forests for Carbon? | p. 165 |
| Forest Loss and Broad Economic Change | p. 166 |
| Financing Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation | p. 171 |
| REDD Has Been a Long Time Coming | p. 172 |
| The Basics of REDD | p. 175 |
| Issues and Differences for Consideration Under REDD | p. 176 |
| Some Controversies and the "Agenda Loading" Issue | p. 182 |
| Investing in Reduced Deforestation Ahead of REDD | p. 186 |
| An Emergency Package for Tropical Forests | p. 187 |
| References | p. 191 |
| Final Thoughts | p. 195 |
| The Search for a New Paradigm | p. 196 |
| What Does All This Mean for the Forests? | p. 197 |
| Formulating the Link Between Forests and Capital | p. 199 |
| Balancing Equity and Effectiveness | p. 200 |
| Keeping Watch Over the Market Instrument | p. 201 |
| International Debates on Forests: Impotency and Intransigence | p. 204 |
| Some Final Words | p. 206 |
| References | p. 207 |
| Index | p. 209 |
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