| Preface | p. xiii |
| About the Author | p. xv |
| The General Idea | p. 1 |
| Concepts | p. 1 |
| How Does Drawing Work? | p. 2 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 5 |
| A Brief History of Technology | p. 7 |
| Ancient and Early Technology | p. 7 |
| The Nineteenth Century | p. 9 |
| The Twentieth Century | p. 10 |
| Further Reading | p. 11 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 11 |
| Twentieth Century Equipment Concepts | p. 13 |
| Overview | p. 13 |
| Benches | p. 13 |
| Blocks | p. 14 |
| Multiple-die Machines | p. 15 |
| Other in-line Processes | p. 17 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 17 |
| Basic Engineering Variables Pertinent to Drawing | p. 19 |
| General Quantities | p. 19 |
| Quantities Describing the Workpiece and Die During Drawing | p. 23 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 26 |
| Basic Drawing Mechanics | p. 29 |
| A Simple Drawing Stress Model | p. 29 |
| Drawing Limits | p. 33 |
| An Illustrative Calculation | p. 34 |
| The Issue of Optimum Die Angles and Values | p. 34 |
| Die Pressure | p. 35 |
| Centerline Tension | p. 37 |
| Plastic Flow Outside the Drawing Cone | p. 38 |
| Effects of Back Tension | p. 40 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 41 |
| Drawing Temperature | p. 43 |
| Contributions to the Drawing Temperature | p. 43 |
| Temperature Measurement | p. 49 |
| Interpass Cooling | p. 50 |
| Practical Examples of Drawing Temperature Effects | p. 50 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 56 |
| Drawing Speed | p. 57 |
| Definition and Basic Formulas | p. 57 |
| The Role of Drawing Speed in Analysis | p. 58 |
| The Effect of Drawing Speed on Lubrication | p. 60 |
| Some Practical Issues | p. 61 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 62 |
| Friction, Lubrication, and Surface Quality | p. 65 |
| Modes of Lubrication and Related Friction Response | p. 65 |
| Physical Conditions in the Lubricant Layer | p. 71 |
| Quantifying the Friction Stress | p. 74 |
| Drawing With High Friction | p. 75 |
| Redraw Stock Surface Conditioning Issues | p. 75 |
| Characterization With Microscopy | p. 76 |
| Illustrations of Microscopic Characterization and Analysis | p. 77 |
| The Development of Chevrons (Crow's Feet) | p. 82 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 88 |
| Drawing Die and Pass Schedule Design | p. 89 |
| General Aspects and The Role Of | p. 90 |
| Common Die Materials | p. 94 |
| Other Elements of Die Design | p. 99 |
| Pressure Dies | p. 101 |
| Die Wear and Die Life | p. 102 |
| Pass Schedule Concepts | p. 104 |
| Drawing Practice and Cast and Pitch Control | p. 109 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 110 |
| Shaped Dies and Roller Dies | p. 113 |
| Drawing Shapes with One-Piece Dies | p. 113 |
| Drawing with Unpowered Roller Die Systems | p. 118 |
| ôDrawingö with Powered Roller Die Systems | p. 121 |
| Roll Gap Issues | p. 123 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 124 |
| Mechanical Properties of Wire and Related Testing | p. 127 |
| The Flow Stress of the Wire | p. 128 |
| The Tensile Test | p. 130 |
| The Crystal Plasticity Basis for the Flow Curve | p. 138 |
| Other Mechanical Tests | p. 144 |
| Hardness Tests | p. 144 |
| Compression Tests | p. 145 |
| Bending Tests | p. 148 |
| Torsion Tests | p. 149 |
| Creep Testing | p. 151 |
| Fatigue Testing | p. 153 |
| Springback Testing | p. 153 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 154 |
| Drawability and Breaks | p. 157 |
| Practical Definitions | p. 157 |
| Measuring and Estimating Drawability | p. 158 |
| Categorizing Drawing Breaks | p. 164 |
| Mechanics of Drawing Breaks | p. 167 |
| The Generation of ôFinesö | p. 171 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 173 |
| Relevant Aspects of Copper and Copper Alloy Metallurgy | p. 175 |
| Important Properties of Copper | p. 176 |
| Primary Processing | p. 176 |
| Crystal Structure, Grains, Texture, Anisotropy, and Springback | p. 180 |
| Flow Stress, Cold Working, and Annealing | p. 182 |
| Solid Solutions and Phases | p. 185 |
| Factors Affecting Conductivity/Resistivity | p. 187 |
| Dilute Copper Alloys | p. 188 |
| High Alloy Systems | p. 192 |
| Beryllium Copper, A Precipitation Strengthening (Hardening) Alloy | p. 195 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 197 |
| Relevant Aspects of Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Metallurgy | p. 199 |
| Important Properties of Steel | p. 200 |
| Primary Processing | p. 200 |
| The Iron-Iron Carbide Phase Diagram | p. 204 |
| Austenite Decomposition | p. 207 |
| Structure-Mechanical Property Relations | p. 209 |
| Transformation Diagrams | p. 210 |
| Flow Stress, Cold Working, and Annealing | p. 215 |
| Aging in Steel | p. 217 |
| Carbon Steel Compositions | p. 225 |
| Low Alloy Steel Compositions | p. 226 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 227 |
| Other Metallurgical Systems for Wire Technology | p. 229 |
| Aluminum and its alloys | p. 229 |
| Austenitic Stainless Steels | p. 234 |
| Tool Steels | p. 237 |
| Nickel and Nickel Alloys | p. 240 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 242 |
| Wire Coatings | p. 245 |
| Reasons for Coating Wire | p. 245 |
| Coating Types and Coating Processes | p. 245 |
| Enamels and Enameling | p. 246 |
| Extrusion | p. 247 |
| Hot Dipping | p. 249 |
| Electro-Coating | p. 249 |
| Other Coating Technologies | p. 251 |
| Zinc Alloy Coating of Steel - A Detailed Illustration and Analysis | p. 251 |
| Composite Mechanical Properties of Coated Wire | p. 253 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 256 |
| Redraw Rod Production | p. 257 |
| The Rod Rolling Process | p. 257 |
| The Oval/Round Sequence | p. 259 |
| Other Geometrical Sequences | p. 263 |
| Some Process Correction Contexts | p. 264 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 265 |
| Wire Forming | p. 267 |
| Scope | p. 267 |
| Bending | p. 267 |
| Twisting | p. 269 |
| Stretching | p. 271 |
| Upsetting | p. 271 |
| Swaging | p. 272 |
| Cold Extrusion | p. 276 |
| Questions and Problems | p. 278 |
| Physical Properties | p. 279 |
| Scope | p. 279 |
| Density | p. 279 |
| Melting Points and Ranges | p. 280 |
| Specific Heat | p. 281 |
| Thermal Conductivity | p. 281 |
| Electrical Resistivity | p. 282 |
| Current and Near-Term Developments | p. 285 |
| Scope | p. 285 |
| Drawing Machines | p. 286 |
| Long-Life Dies For Ferrous Drawing | p. 288 |
| Measurement and Instrumentation | p. 289 |
| Annealing | |
| Payoff and Take-Up Systems | p. 292 |
| List of Symbols | p. 297 |
| References | p. 303 |
| Selected Formulas | p. 309 |
| Index | p. 311 |
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