Wind Energy

Fundamentals, Resource Analysis and Economics

By: Mathew Sathyajith

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Multi-Item Pack | 13 January 2006

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Growing energy demand and environmental consciousness have re-evoked human interest in wind energy. As a result, wind is the fastest growing energy source in the world today. Policy frame works and action plans have already been for- lated at various corners for meeting at least 20 per cent of the global energy - mand with new-renewables by 2010, among which wind is going to be the major player. In view of the rapid growth of wind industry, Universities, all around the world, have given due emphasis to wind energy technology in their undergraduate and graduate curriculum. These academic programmes attract students from diver- fied backgrounds, ranging from social science to engineering and technology. Fundamentals of wind energy conversion, which is discussed in the preliminary chapters of this book, have these students as the target group. Advanced resource analysis tools derived and applied are beneficial to academics and researchers working in this area. The Wind Energy Resource Analysis (WERA) software, provided with the book, is an effective tool for wind energy practitioners for - sessing the energy potential and simulating turbine performance at prospective sites.

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Energy Technology & Engineering Alternative & Renewable Energy Sources & Technology Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning The Environment Environmental Management Economics Environmental Economics Business & Management Management & Management Techniques Environmental Science

Environmental Monitoring Computing & I.T.Graphical & Digital Media Applications 3D Graphics & Modelling Industry & Industrial Studies Energy Industries & Utilities

Preface	p. VII
Introduction	p. 1
History of wind energy	p. 3
Current status and future prospects	p. 7
References	p. 8
Basics of Wind Energy Conversion	p. 11
Power available in the wind spectra	p. 11
Wind turbine power and torque	p. 14
Classification of wind turbines	p. 16
Horizontal axis wind turbines	p. 17
Vertical axis wind turbines	p. 18
Darrieus rotor	p. 19
Savonius rotor	p. 20
Musgrove rotor	p. 21
Characteristics of wind rotors	p. 22
Aerodynamics of wind turbines	p. 23
Airfoil	p. 23
Aerodynamic theories	p. 27
Axial momentum theory	p. 27
Blade element theory	p. 31
Strip theory	p. 33
Rotor design	p. 34
Rotor performance	p. 40
References	p. 42
Analysis of wind regimes	p. 45
The wind	p. 46
Local effects	p. 47
Wind shear	p. 47
Turbulence	p. 50
Acceleration effect	p. 51
Time variation	p. 51
Measurement of wind	p. 53
Ecological indicators	p. 53
Anemometers	p. 55
Cup anemometer	p. 55
Propeller anemometer	p. 56
Pressure plate anemometer	p. 56
Pressure tube anemometers	p. 57
Sonic anemometer	p. 58
Wind direction	p. 61
Analysis of wind data	p. 61
Average wind speed	p. 63
Distribution of wind velocity	p. 64
Statistical models for wind data analysis	p. 68
Weibull distribution	p. 68
Rayleigh distribution	p. 78
Energy estimation of wind regimes	p. 80
Weibull based approach	p. 80
Rayleigh based approach	p. 84
References	p. 88
Wind energy conversion systems	p. 89
Wind electric generators	p. 90
Tower	p. 91
Rotor	p. 96
Gearbox	p. 99
Power regulation	p. 101
Safety brakes	p. 105
Generator	p. 107
Induction generator	p. 107
Synchronous generator	p. 110
Fixed and variable speed operations	p. 112
Grid integration	p. 115
Wind farms	p. 117
Offshore wind farms	p. 121
Wind pumps	p. 124
Wind powered piston pumps	p. 126
Limitations of wind driven piston pumps	p. 129
The hysteresis effect	p. 129
Mismatch between the rotor and pump characteristics	p. 132
Dynamic loading of the pump's lift rod	p. 133
Double acting pump	p. 134
Wind driven roto-dynamic pumps	p. 135
Wind electric pumps	p. 140
References	p. 142
Performance of wind energy conversion systems	p. 145
Power curve of the wind turbine	p. 146
Energy generated by the wind turbine	p. 150
Weibull based approach	p. 150
Rayleigh based approach	p. 153
Capacity factor	p. 155
Matching the turbine with wind regime	p. 159
Performance of wind powered pumping systems	p. 164
Wind driven piston pumps	p. 164
Wind driven roto-dynamic pumps	p. 171
Wind electric pumping systems	p. 175
References	p. 177
Wind energy and Environment	p. 179
Environmental benefits of wind energy	p. 180
Life cycle analysis	p. 182
Net energy analysis	p. 185
Life cycle emission	p. 189
Environmental problems of wind energy	p. 193
Avian issues	p. 193
Noise emission	p. 196
Visual impact	p. 202
References	p. 205
Economics of wind energy	p. 209
Factors influencing the wind energy economics	p. 210
Site specific factors	p. 210
Machine parameters	p. 212
Energy market	p. 213
Incentives and exemptions	p. 214
The 'present worth' approach	p. 215
Cost of wind energy	p. 220
Initial investment	p. 221
Operation and maintenance costs	p. 222
Present value of annual costs	p. 223
Benefits of wind energy	p. 225
Yardsticks of economic merit	p. 227
Net present value	p. 227
Benefit cost ratio	p. 228
Pay back period	p. 229
Internal rate of return	p. 230
Tax deduction due to investment depreciation	p. 233
References	p. 236
Appendix	p. 237
Index	p. 241
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Wind Energy

Fundamentals, Resource Analysis and Economics

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Multi-Item Pack

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You Can Find This Book In

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