Web Performance Tuning

Speeding Up the Web

By: Patrick Killelea

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Paperback | 4 April 2002 | Edition Number 2

At a Glance

Paperback
455 Pages

Edition Type
Revised

Dimensions(cm)
30 x 179 x 232

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As long as there's been a Web, people have been trying to make it faster. The maturation of the Web has meant more users, more data, more features, and consequently longer waits on the Web. Improved performance has become a critical factor in determining the usability of the Web in general and of individual sites in particular. This text is about getting the best possible performance from the Web: streamlining Web content, getting optimal performance from a browser, tuning both client and server hardware, and maximizing the capacity of the network itself. It offers concrete advice for quick results - the "blunt instruments" for improving crippled performance right away. The book then shifts gears to give a conceptual background of the principles of computing performance. The latter half of the book examines each element of a Web transaction - from client to network to server - to find the weak links in the chain and show how to strengthen them. Topics covered include: Web site architecture, security, reliability, and their impact on performance; discussion of scalability of Java on multi-processor servers; Perl scripts for writing Web performance spiders that handle logins, cookies, SSL, and more; instructions on how to use Perl DBI and the open source program gunplot to generate performance graphs on the fly; and coverage of Rstat, a Unix-based open source utility for gathering performance statistics remotely. In addition, the book includes many more examples and graphs of real-world performance problems and their solutions, and has been updated for Java 2.

Industry Reviews

"This book still scores highly on the sections which are general in their scope, particularly the new chapters which have been written for this edition. The more specific sections feel dates, and are likely to further age extremely quickly. Overall the book is still a good source for advice on identifying performance bottlenecks and suggesting ways to tune the infrastructure to eliminate them." - Joel Smith, News@UKUUG, October 2002

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Computing & I.T.Digital Lifestyle & Online World: Consumer & User Guides Internet Guides & Online Services Computer Science Computer Programming & Software Development Web Programming Computer Networking & Communications Network Security Programming & Scripting Languages Booktopia Publisher Services John Wiley & Sons Publishers UK

Preface	p. xi
Preliminary Considerations
The Quick and the Dead	p. 3
Questions for the Browser Side	p. 3
Questions for the Server Side	p. 11
Key Recommendations	p. 18
Web Site Architecture	p. 19
Trade-offs	p. 19
Elements	p. 24
Example Web Site Architectures	p. 28
Trends	p. 31
Sample Configurations	p. 32
Key Recommendations	p. 34
Capacity Planning	p. 35
Do the Math	p. 35
... But Trust Your Eyes More than the Math	p. 36
Questions to Ask	p. 37
How Much Bandwidth Do You Need?	p. 45
How Fast a Server Do You Need?	p. 48
How Much Memory Do You Need?	p. 50
Key Recommendations	p. 52
Performance Monitoring	p. 53
Parameters of Performance	p. 53
Latency and Throughput	p. 53
Utilization	p. 59
Efficiency	p. 59
Monitoring Web Performance Using Perl	p. 63
Automatically Generating Monitoring Scripts Using Sprocket	p. 69
Using a Relational Database to Store and Retrieve Your Monitoring Data	p. 75
Monitoring Machine Utilization with rstat	p. 76
Monitoring Per-Process Statistics	p. 84
Generating Graphs from ps Data	p. 87
Monitoring Other Things	p. 90
Making a System Dashboard Web Page	p. 96
Key Recommendations	p. 99
Load Testing	p. 100
Load Test Preparation	p. 100
Trade-offs with Load Testing Tools	p. 102
Writing Your Own Load Testing Tools	p. 102
Benchmark Specifications and Benchmark Tests	p. 110
Other Resources	p. 114
Key Recommendations	p. 115
Performance Analysis	p. 116
Using analysis.cgi to Find a Bottleneck	p. 116
Snooping HTTP with Sprocket	p. 118
Look at Connections	p. 120
Log File Analysis	p. 120
Hits per Second	p. 125
A Few More Tips	p. 131
Key Recommendations	p. 132
Reliability	p. 133
Typical Failures	p. 133
Dependencies	p. 141
Smoothing Outages	p. 142
Key Recommendations	p. 142
Security	p. 143
HTTPS and SSL	p. 143
Firewalls	p. 146
Bastion Hosts	p. 147
Chroot	p. 147
Key Recomendation	p. 147
Case Studies	p. 148
Database Table Growing Without Limit	p. 148
Reverse DNS Lookups Slows Logging	p. 148
Kinked Cable	p. 151
Database Connection Pool Growth Limits Performance	p. 153
Key Recommendation	p. 155
Principles and Patterns	p. 156
Principles of Performance Tuning	p. 156
Patterns of Performance Improvement	p. 165
Key Recommendations	p. 167
Tuning in Depth
Browsers	p. 171
How Browsers Work	p. 171
Types of Browsers	p. 175
The Perfect Browser	p. 179
Browser Speed	p. 179
Browser Tuning Tips	p. 180
Non-Browser Web Clients	p. 185
Key Recommendations	p. 187
Client Operating System	p. 188
Microsoft Windows	p. 188
Macintosh	p. 191
Unix	p. 193
Key Recommendations	p. 194
Client Hardware	p. 195
CPU	p. 195
RAM	p. 197
Cache	p. 198
Bus	p. 198
Disk	p. 199
Video	p. 200
BIOS	p. 202
Key Recommendations	p. 204
Lines and Terminators	p. 205
Forwarding and Latency	p. 205
Your Modem, the Information Driveway	p. 206
ISDN	p. 211
Cable Modems	p. 212
xDSL	p. 213
Higher Capacity Lines	p. 213
Intranets	p. 215
Network Modeling Tools	p. 223
The Internet	p. 223
PTTs	p. 231
Key Recommendations	p. 232
Network Protocols	p. 233
Power and Protocols	p. 233
Factors Affecting Network Protocol Performance	p. 235
The Protocols of the Web	p. 236
Key Recommendations	p. 263
Server Hardware	p. 264
Box on a Wire	p. 264
Good I/O	p. 265
Multiple Busses	p. 265
Fast Disks	p. 265
Lots of Memory	p. 265
Scalability	p. 266
Network Interface Card	p. 266
Bus	p. 267
Memory	p. 268
RAM Characteristics	p. 268
CPU	p. 269
Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP)	p. 272
Disk Activity and PID	p. 290
Key Recommendations	p. 290
Server Operating System	p. 291
Unix and the Origin of the Web	p. 291
Unix Flavors	p. 292
System Calls Versus Library Calls	p. 295
Processes and the Kernel	p. 295
The Filesystem	p. 304
The Windowing System	p. 311
Versions and Patches	p. 312
Configurable OS Parameters	p. 312
Unix OS Monitoring Tools	p. 316
System Call Tracers	p. 320
Network Snooping Tools	p. 321
How Many Connections Can My Server Handle?	p. 323
How Many Processes Can My Server Handle?	p. 324
How Quickly Can My Server Fork New Processes?	p. 325
Unix Versus NT as the Web Server OS	p. 326
The Exokernel	p. 328
Key Recommendations	p. 328
Server Software	p. 329
The Evolution of Web Servers	p. 329
System Calls Made by a Web Server	p. 331
How Servers Fail	p. 333
Configuring Apache and Netscape Web Servers	p. 334
Other Servers	p. 343
Missing Features	p. 345
Proxy Servers	p. 345
Hierarchical Caches	p. 346
Key Recommendations	p. 346
Content	p. 347
Size Matters	p. 347
As Good As It Gets	p. 348
Caching and Differences	p. 348
HTML and Compression	p. 348
Performance Tips for HTML Authors	p. 350
The Document Object Model	p. 354
Graphics	p. 354
Audio	p. 356
Video	p. 357
Key Recommendations	p. 358
Custom Applications	p. 359
Programmers	p. 359
CGI Programs	p. 359
CGI Internals and Performance Problems	p. 360
General CGI Tips	p. 361
CGI Language-Specific Optimization Tips	p. 371
Daemonize It	p. 375
CGI Database Access Performance	p. 376
Logging	p. 376
NSAPI and ISAPI	p. 377
DOM	p. 377
JSP, ASP, PHP	p. 377
Key Recommendations	p. 377
Java	p. 378
Java Will Never Be Good Enough for GUI Applications	p. 378
Java Is Good Enough for the Server Side	p. 378
Performance Problems Intrinsic to Java	p. 379
Coding Tips	p. 383
Compilers	p. 395
Profile Your Code	p. 396
Decompilers	p. 397
OS-Level Profiling Tools	p. 397
JITs	p. 397
Static Compilers	p. 398
Virtual Machines	p. 399
Runtime Options	p. 400
Java Chips	p. 402
Java Benchmarks	p. 402
Web Sites with Java Performance Info	p. 403
Key Recommendations	p. 403
Databases	p. 404
Do You Really Need a Relational Database?	p. 405
Performance Tips	p. 406
How Many Connections Can Your Database Handle?	p. 409
When the Database Is Overloaded	p. 410
Analysis	p. 411
Key Recommendations	p. 411
Web Performance Product Lists and Reviews	p. 412
Index	p. 425
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Web Performance Tuning

Speeding Up the Web

At a Glance

Paperback

Industry Reviews

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

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