| Introduction to Waste Management in Germany | p. 1 |
| History of Waste Management | p. 1 |
| Principles and Measures of Environmental Policy | p. 7 |
| Basic Principles | p. 7 |
| Instruments for Environmental Policy | p. 8 |
| Legal Basis for Environmental Laws | p. 9 |
| Basics | p. 9 |
| The German Waste Act (AbfG) | p. 10 |
| Technical Guidance--Waste | p. 13 |
| Technical Guidance--Municipal Solid Waste | p. 13 |
| Regulations Derived from the Waste Law | p. 14 |
| Permits for Waste Treatment Facilities | p. 15 |
| Environmental Compatibility Test | p. 16 |
| Recycling and Waste Act | p. 16 |
| Environmental Liability and In-House Environmental Management | p. 18 |
| Waste | p. 21 |
| Definition of Waste | p. 21 |
| Waste Quantity Generation and Composition | p. 22 |
| Household Waste, Bulky Waste, and Household-like Commercial Waste in Germany | p. 22 |
| Commercial and Manufacturing Wastes | p. 28 |
| Packaging Wastes | p. 32 |
| Hazardous Waste | p. 34 |
| Scrap Automobiles and Tires | p. 39 |
| Scrap Electronics | p. 40 |
| Sewage Sludge | p. 42 |
| Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste | p. 43 |
| Factors Determining the Composition of Household, Bulky, and Commercial Waste | p. 51 |
| Impact of Container Size on Waste | p. 52 |
| Waste Composition | p. 56 |
| Waste Quantity Fluctuation | p. 59 |
| Fluctuations in Density and Moisture Content | p. 61 |
| Waste Particle Size Distribution | p. 62 |
| Collection, Transfer, and Transportation of Wastes and Recyclables | p. 63 |
| Implementation, Systems, and Organization | p. 63 |
| Collection Systems | p. 64 |
| Transfer | p. 70 |
| Transportation Systems | p. 77 |
| Solid Waste and Recyclables | p. 87 |
| Recycling Systems | p. 87 |
| Organization of Household and Bulky Waste Collection | p. 95 |
| Recovery of Recyclables from Household Waste | p. 96 |
| Liquid Waste and Sludges | p. 111 |
| Truck Transportation | p. 111 |
| Filling and Draining | p. 111 |
| Container Systems | p. 113 |
| Hazardous Waste | p. 113 |
| Rules and Requirements | p. 113 |
| Container Systems | p. 119 |
| Treatment Facilities and Intermediate Storage | p. 121 |
| Household Hazardous Waste | p. 123 |
| Waste Treatment | p. 127 |
| Incinerators for MSW and Commercial Waste | p. 128 |
| Design of a Conventional MSW Incinerator | p. 129 |
| Waste Receiving | p. 129 |
| Storage, Preprocessing and Charging | p. 130 |
| Combustion Process of Grate Firing | p. 133 |
| Incinerator Slag Removal | p. 144 |
| Boiler and Waste Heat Recovery | p. 146 |
| Emission Control: Flue Gas Scrubbing | p. 152 |
| Control and Monitoring | p. 166 |
| Hazardous Waste Incinerators | p. 168 |
| Storage, Pretreatment, and Charging | p. 168 |
| Incinerator Furnaces | p. 169 |
| Incineration of Other Waste | p. 173 |
| Incineration of Sewage Sludge | p. 173 |
| Incineration of Straw and Wood | p. 175 |
| Pyrolyzation and Gasification of Waste | p. 179 |
| Pyrolysis | p. 180 |
| Gasification | p. 182 |
| Environmental Considerations | p. 183 |
| Hydrogenation and Hydrolysis | p. 186 |
| Drying Methods | p. 189 |
| Sewage Sludge Drying Processes | p. 189 |
| Other Drying Methods | p. 202 |
| Biological Treatment Methods | p. 202 |
| Composting Methods | p. 203 |
| Anaerobic Processes | p. 232 |
| Chemical and Physical Treatment Processes | p. 245 |
| Emulsion Separation | p. 245 |
| Distillation and Evaporation | p. 249 |
| Neutralization | p. 250 |
| Detoxification | p. 252 |
| Resource Recovery | p. 255 |
| Example of a Chemical/Physical Treatment Facility | p. 257 |
| Waste Disposal | p. 259 |
| Sanitary Landfill | p. 260 |
| Classification of Landfills | p. 261 |
| Landfill Siting | p. 266 |
| Landfill Equipment, Construction, and Operation | p. 270 |
| Requirements for Hazardous Waste Landfills | p. 322 |
| Waste Recycling | p. 339 |
| Processing Fundamentals | p. 339 |
| Size Reduction | p. 342 |
| Classification | p. 349 |
| Separation (Sorting) | p. 358 |
| Compaction | p. 367 |
| Processing Methods | p. 372 |
| Methods for Recovery and Use of Secondary Raw Materials | p. 372 |
| Procedures for Recovery of Fuel | p. 445 |
| Marketing Recycled Products | p. 455 |
| Introduction | p. 455 |
| Paper and Paperboard | p. 458 |
| Glass | p. 464 |
| Scrap Metal | p. 466 |
| Plastics | p. 470 |
| Compost | p. 472 |
| Secondary Construction Materials | p. 476 |
| Asphalt | p. 483 |
| Waste Avoidance | p. 487 |
| Basic Requirements of Waste Avoidance | p. 487 |
| Definition | p. 487 |
| Influence of Various Actors on Waste Avoidance | p. 487 |
| Avoiding Household Waste | p. 499 |
| Waste Avoidance Options in the Home | p. 499 |
| Practical Experiences with Waste Avoidance | p. 500 |
| Avoidance of Production Waste | p. 510 |
| Instruments for Implementation | p. 510 |
| Technological Possibilities | p. 513 |
| Studies of Industrial Hazardous Waste Minimization | p. 562 |
| Industrial Methods of Residual Waste Stream Minimization | p. 571 |
| Abandoned Contamination Sites | p. 579 |
| Legal Framework | p. 579 |
| Germany | p. 579 |
| United States | p. 580 |
| Wisconsin Remediation and Redevelopment Program | p. 581 |
| Scope and Assessment of Threat from Abandoned Contamination Sites | p. 583 |
| Scope of Potential Sites | p. 583 |
| Environmental Concerns at Abandoned Contamination Sites | p. 586 |
| Listing, Assessment, and Evaluation | p. 586 |
| Listing | p. 586 |
| Assessment | p. 589 |
| Hazard Estimation and Risk Assessment | p. 604 |
| Remediation Technologies | p. 605 |
| Bioremediation | p. 606 |
| Physical/Chemical Methods | p. 609 |
| Thermal Treatment | p. 612 |
| Hydraulic Treatment (Pump and Treat) | p. 613 |
| Soil Vapor Extraction | p. 616 |
| Containment | p. 618 |
| Stabilization and Solidifcation | p. 621 |
| Land Treatment | p. 621 |
| Phytoremediation | p. 623 |
| Cost Considerations for Waste Processing Facilities | p. 625 |
| Efficiency Comparison of Different Disposal Systems | p. 625 |
| Waste Incinerators | p. 625 |
| Material Recovery Facilities (MRF) | p. 628 |
| Landfills | p. 630 |
| Comparison of Various Disposal Methods | p. 632 |
| Diverting Waste from Landfills | p. 634 |
| Total Cost of Diversion Methods | p. 635 |
| Net Removal Costs | p. 637 |
| Integrated Disposal Concepts and Future Developments | p. 641 |
| Disposal Concept Objectives | p. 642 |
| Assessing the Initial Conditions | p. 643 |
| Evaluation of Disposal Options and Processes | p. 645 |
| Waste Disposal Concept (Ideal Condition) | p. 646 |
| Organizational, Financial, and Legal Measures | p. 648 |
| Future Conversion to Waste Disposal Fees | p. 649 |
| Traditional Fee Systems | p. 649 |
| Modern Fee Systems | p. 651 |
| Conversion Table | p. 655 |
| Glossary | p. 657 |
| References | p. 661 |
| Subject Index | p. 691 |
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