Topics in Applied Physics

By: Takeshi Kobayashi (Editor), Hisao Hayakawa (Editor), Masayoshi Tonouchi (Editor)

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Hardcover | 8 December 2003

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322 Pages

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24.13 x 16.51 x 1.91

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Understanding the nature of vortices in high-Tc superconductors is a crucial subject for research on superconductive electronics, especially for superconducting interference devices (SQUIDs), it is also a fundamental problem in condensed-matter physics. Recent technological progress in methods for both direct and indirect observation of vortices, e.g. scanning SQUID, terahertz imaging, and microwave excitation, has led to new insights into vortex physics, the dynamic behavior of vortices in junctions and related questions of noise. This book presents the current status of research activity and provides new information on the applications of SQUIDs, including magnetocardiography, immunoassays, and laser-SQUID microscopes, all of which are close to being commercially available.

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Introduction	p. 1
Vortices in High-T[subscript c] Superconductors	p. 5
Introduction	p. 5
Basic Physics of Vortices	p. 7
Type-II Superconductivity and Vortex	p. 7
Vortex Lattice, Bragg Glass	p. 8
Motion of a Vortex: Flux Flow and Flux Creep	p. 9
Microscopic Electronic Structure of Vortex Core	p. 10
Vortices in High-T[subscript c] Superconductors	p. 11
Characteristic Aspects of the Mixed State of High-T[subscript c] Superconductors	p. 11
Vortices in High-T[subscript c] Superconductors	p. 12
Equilibrium Phase Diagram	p. 13
Dynamic Phase Diagram of Driven Vortices	p. 15
Electronic States of Vortex Cores of High-T[subscript c] Superconductor	p. 19
Vortex Dynamics in HTSC Thin Film	p. 22
Thermally Depinning Transition	p. 23
Electric Field vs Current Density Characteristics	p. 26
Scaling Laws of Pinning and Iso-therm Scaling of E-J	p. 28
Geometric Effect	p. 33
Summary	p. 33
Vortices in High-T[subscript c] Grain Boundary Junction	p. 34
Direct Flux Detection Method	p. 34
Magnetic Flux From a Single Vortex in Slotted YBCO	p. 36
Long-distance Vortex Motion in Wide Grain Boundary Junction	p. 38
Suppression of Long-distance Vortex Motion in Grain Boundary Junctions	p. 40
1/f Behavior of the Flux Noise of Slotted Grain Boundary Junctions	p. 42
Flux Noise of Directly Coupled SQUID Magnetometers	p. 44
References	p. 45
Observation of Vortices	p. 53
Introduction	p. 53
Observation of a Vortex Pattern and Movement by the High-resolution Bitter Method	p. 56
Experimental Procedure	p. 56
The Observation of a Static Vortex Distribution	p. 57
The Observation of a Dynamic Vortex Behavior	p. 62
Scanning SQUID Observation	p. 65
SSM System and Observation Technique	p. 66
Flux Expulsion in Narrow High-T[subscript c] Thin Film Patterns	p. 68
Flux Trapping in High-T[subscript c] Thin Film Patterns with Moats	p. 70
Flux Trapping in High-T[subscript c] Films with a Bicrystal Grain Boundary	p. 74
Observation of Multilayered Electronic Devices	p. 76
Summary	p. 77
Magneto-Optical Imaging	p. 77
Experimental Method	p. 78
Studies of Flux Density Profiles and Critical States	p. 84
Dynamic Observations of Magnetic Flux	p. 84
Differential Magneto-Optical Technique	p. 85
Real-Time Observations of Single Vortex	p. 88
Summary	p. 88
Terahertz Radiation Imaging	p. 89
THz Radiation Imaging System	p. 90
Vortex Penetration Due to Transport Supercurrent	p. 93
Vortex Entry at Weak Magnetic Field	p. 94
Vortex Penetration Due to a Strong Magnetic Field	p. 95
Temperature Dependence of the Trapped-Vortex Behavior	p. 96
Summary	p. 99
References	p. 100
New Aspect of Vortex in HTSC	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
Electrostatics and Charge Distribution in the Vortex State of Type-II Superconductors	p. 104
Electrostatics of the Vortices	p. 105
Hall Anomaly and Vortex Charge	p. 112
Summary	p. 116
Vortices in Intrinsic Josephson Junctions	p. 116
Basic Model for a Stack of Josephson Junctions	p. 118
Basic Properties of Intrinsic Josephson Junctions	p. 120
Properties of Vortices in Intrinsic Josephson Junctions	p. 122
Behavior of Vortices in Stacks of Josephson Junctions	p. 125
Summary	p. 126
Optical Control of Vortices	p. 127
Idea for Optical Vortex Generation	p. 127
Experimental Setup	p. 130
Optical Vortex Generation with Optical Pulses	p. 130
Single Shot Pulse Operation	p. 133
Summary	p. 135
References	p. 136
High-T[subscript c] SQUIDs	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
HTSC Junctions for SQUIDs	p. 142
Transport Properties	p. 142
Noise Rounding and Excess Current	p. 145
1/f Noise	p. 146
Dependence of SQUID Performance on Junction Parameters	p. 147
SQUID Inductance	p. 150
Pickup Coil and Coupling Circuit	p. 152
Thermal Activation in the Flux Dam	p. 154
Switch for Opening and Closing the Pickup Coil	p. 157
SQUID Control System	p. 159
Input Equivalent Noise	p. 159
Bias-Reversal Schemes	p. 160
Readout Electronics	p. 164
Noise Reduction in HTSC-SQUIDs	p. 165
Low Frequency Noises in HTSC-SQUIDs	p. 166
Direct-Coupled Magnetometers	p. 166
Effects of Slots and Holes on the Reduction of Low frequency Noise	p. 167
Flux Penetration	p. 169
Behaviors of Flux Dams	p. 171
Development of SQUIDs for Microscopes	p. 177
References	p. 182
Applications of HTSC SQUIDs	p. 185
Introduction	p. 185
HTSC-SQUID for Commercial Use	p. 187
SQUID Kit	p. 187
Advanced SQUID Kit	p. 190
Commercialization of SQUID	p. 193
Challenge to Shield-Less HTSC-SQUID Magnetocardiography	p. 194
Open-SQIUD Magnetocardiography Equipment	p. 195
Adaptive Noise Canceling Process	p. 198
Active Noise Control System for DC Fluctuations	p. 201
Summary	p. 204
Biological Immunoassays	p. 205
Measurement Principle	p. 205
Measurement System	p. 206
Monitoring Environmental Magnetic Field Related to Earthquakes	p. 214
ULF Variation as a Precursory Phenomenon of an Earthquake	p. 215
Requiremente on the Measurement System of ULF Radiation	p. 216
SQUID System for ULF Magnetic Field Measurement	p. 218
Field Measurement	p. 220
Future Problem	p. 224
Laser-SQUID Microscope for LSI Chip Defect Analysis	p. 224
The Laser-SQUID System	p. 225
Prototype System Setup	p. 227
Basic Demonstration Using 488 nm Laser	p. 227
Backside Failure Identification before Bondpad Patterning	p. 228
Defective Chip Identification after Bonding and Packaging	p. 230
Localization from Whole Chip Area to Micrometer Area	p. 231
Conclusions	p. 232
Small-Scale HTSC Digital Applications	p. 233
Sampler	p. 234
Analog to Digital Converter	p. 240
Summary	p. 244
References	p. 244
Material Technology for Vortex Electronics	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
Pulsed Laser Deposition Method for HTSC and Related Oxide Film Formation	p. 250
Eclipse PLD	p. 251
Aurora PLD	p. 252
Application of the Eclipse-Aurora PLD Method to Electronics Devices	p. 258
Summary	p. 260
MOCVD for Thin Film Growth	p. 260
Atomic-Layer MOCVD System	p. 261
Real-Time Process Monitoring	p. 262
Ga Addition to YBCO Thin Films	p. 267
Summary	p. 270
Sputter Growth of HTSC Thin Films	p. 270
Fundamental Features of Sputtering	p. 270
Synthesis of High Quality Films and Large Sized Film Deposition	p. 271
Epitaxial Growth of EuBa[subscript 2]Cu[subscript 3]O[subscript 7] Films on R-plane Sapphires	p. 273
Application of Sputter Plasma to Recovery Treatment	p. 276
Summary	p. 278
Preparation of Ultrathin Films and Superlattices of high-T[subscript c] Oxides by MBE	p. 279
MBE Growth of Oxide Thin Films	p. 280
RHEED Oscillations	p. 280
Superconductivity of Ultrathin YBCO Films	p. 282
Superconducting Transition of Ultrathin Films and Superlattices in Magnetic Fields	p. 286
Summary	p. 289
References	p. 289
Index	p. 293
Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved.

Topics in Applied Physics

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