Vico

The First New Science

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Paperback | 22 October 2002

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The First New Science gives a clear account of Vico's mature philosophy: the belief that certain functions which are necessary for the maintenance of human society and culture, including philosophy, also condition them historically. This challenges the traditional view that philosophy can lay claim to an historically independent viewpoint, thus bringing into question the legitimacy of the claims of universal prescriptive political theories as against the de facto political beliefs of particular historical societies. This is the first of Vico's later major books in which he wrote in Italian in order not merely to expound but to demonstrate in practice, his conception of the philosophical importance of etymology. This 2002 Cambridge Texts edition is the first complete English translation of the 1725 text. Accompanied by a glossary, bibliography, chronology of Vico's life and expository introduction, it makes this important work accessible to students for the first time.

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Non-Fiction History General & World History Philosophy History of Western Philosophy Western Philosophy from 1600 to 1900 Society & Culture Cultural Studies History of Ideas Politics & Government International Relations Arms Negotiation & Control

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Published: 11th July 2002

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Acknowledgements	p. xvii
Introduction	p. xix
Chronology	p. xxxix
Editor's note	p. xlv
Bibliographical note	p. l
Glossary	p. lvii
The First New Science	p. 1
Idea of the Work	p. 4
The Necessity of the end and the Difficulty of the Means of Discovering A New Science	p. 7
Reasons for our meditation on this work	p. 9
Meditation on a New Science	p. 11
The defect of such a Science if based upon the maxims of the Epicureans and Stoics or the practices advocated by Plato	p. 12
This Science is meditated on the basis of the Roman jurisconsults' idea of the natural law of the gentes	p. 13
The defect of such a Science if based upon the systems of Grotius, Selden or Pufendorf	p. 14
Reasons why this Science has hitherto been lacking among the philosophers and philologists	p. 18
The necessity, both human and doctrinal, that the origins of this Science be derived from sacred history	p. 20
The difficulty of discovering the progress or continuity [proper to this Science]	p. 21
[The difficulty of discovering the origins of humanity] from the philosophers	p. 22
[The difficulty of discovering the origins of humanity] from the philologists	p. 25
The necessity to seek the principles of the nature of nations by means of a metaphysics raised to contemplate a certain common mind of all the peoples	p. 30
On the idea of a jurisprudence of mankind	p. 31
The severe difficulties of discovering [the mode of men's first ideas]	p. 32
The Principles of this Science Concerning Ideas	p. 35
[Introduction]	p. 37
The first principle of the nations is Providence	p. 38
The rule of the world of nations is vulgar wisdom	p. 39
The artificer of the world of nations is human will regulated by vulgar wisdom	p. 39
The natural order of human ideas of an eternal justice	p. 40
The natural order of human ideas of a universal justice	p. 44
The natural order of gentile human ideas of divinity through which, depending upon whether they have been kept distinct or communicated, the nations are isolated or in communication with one another	p. 45
The natural order of ideas concerning the law of the nations [as it proceeds] through their own religions, laws, languages, marriages, names, arms and governments	p. 48
Corollary: A practical test comparing [the results of] our reasoned principles with the vulgar tradition that the Law of the Twelve Tables came from Athens	p. 57
The idea of an ideal eternal history in accordance with which the histories of all nations proceed through time with certain origins and certain continuity	p. 66
The idea of a new critical art	p. 67
First: through certain kinds of evidence synchronous with the times in which the gentile nations were born	p. 68
Second: through certain kinds of medals belonging to the first peoples, with which the Universal Flood is demonstrated	p. 69
Third: through physical demonstrations which prove that the first origin of profane history lay in the giants and that profane history is continuous with sacred history	p. 71
Fourth: by interpreting the fables in the light of physics, it is discovered that the principle of idolatry and divination common to the Latins, Greeks and Egyptians was born at a certain determinate time after the Flood, and that idolatry and divination were born at an earlier time and of a different principle in the East	p. 73
Fifth: with metaphysical proofs through which it is discovered that the whole theology of the gentiles owes its origins to poetry	p. 75
Through a metaphysics of mankind the great principle of the division of the fields and the first outlines of kingdoms are discovered	p. 76
The origin of nobility is discovered	p. 79
The origin of heroism is discovered	p. 81
This New Science proceeds through a morality of mankind, from which the limits within which the customs of the nations proceed are discovered	p. 82
This New Science proceeds through a politics of mankind, from which it is discovered that the first governments in the state of the families were divine	p. 83
The first fathers in the state of the families are discovered to have been monarchical kings	p. 84
The first kingdoms in the state of the cities are discovered to have been heroic	p. 85
The principle of heroic virtue	p. 86
The principles of all three forms of republic	p. 87
The principles of the first aristocratic republics	p. 87
The discovery of the first families that include others than just their children	p. 88
Determination of the first occupations, usucaptions and mancipations	p. 88
The discovery of the first duels or the first private wars	p. 89
The origin of the genealogies and the nobility of the first gentes	p. 90
The discovery of the first asylums and of the eternal origins of all states	p. 91
The discovery of the first clienteles and the first outlines of surrender in war	p. 92
The discovery of the fiefs of the heroic times	p. 92
The point at which the heroic republics were born from the clienteles	p. 93
The discovery of the first [forms of] peace and the first tributes in the two oldest agrarian laws, which are the respective sources of natural law and civil law and the joint source of sovereign ownership	p. 94
The discovery of the heroic republics that were uniform among the Latins, Greeks and Asians, and of the different origins of the Roman assemblies	p. 95
The discovery of the heroic or aristocratic nature of the Roman kingdom	p. 97
The discovery of the truth concerning the Law of the Twelve Tables as the basis of the greater part of the law, government and history of Rome	p. 101
The eternal principle of human governments in the free republics and the monarchies	p. 107
The natural law of the gentes that proceeds in constant uniformity among the nations	p. 107
The discovery of the divine nature of the first natural law of the gentes	p. 108
The principle of the external justice of war	p. 108
Optimum law as the principle of revenge and the origin of heraldic law	p. 109
The law of the bond as the origin of obligations and the first outlines of reprisals and slavery	p. 110
The religious aspect of the first laws of the nations	p. 111
The discovery that heroic law was the second natural law of the gentes	p. 111
The discovery that ancient Roman law was wholly heroic and the source of Roman virtue and greatness	p. 112
The discovery that human law is the final law of the gentes	p. 116
A demonstration of the truth of the Christian religion and a criticism of the three systems of Grotius, Selden and Pufendorf	p. 117
The idea of a jurisprudence of mankind that changes through certain sects of times	p. 118
The jurisprudence of the sect of superstitious times	p. 119
The discovery of the secrecy of the laws uniform in all the ancient nations	p. 120
A demonstration that the laws were not born of deception	p. 120
The jurisprudence of the sect of heroic times in which the origin of the legitimate acts of the Romans is discovered	p. 121
The origin of the harsh jurisprudence of the ancients	p. 121
The discovery of the causes of the belief that the Law of the Twelve Tables came from Sparta	p. 123
The jurisprudence of the sect of human times and the principle of the benign jurisprudence of the last Romans	p. 124
The discovery of the causes of the belief that the Law of the Twelve Tables came from Athens	p. 125
The discovery of the true elements of history	p. 125
New historical principles of astronomy	p. 126
The idea of a reasoned chronology of the obscure and fabulous times	p. 127
The discovery of new kinds of anachronism and of new principles for their correction	p. 128
New historical principles of geography	p. 130
The discovery of the great principle of the propagation of the nations	p. 134
The discovery of the principle of the colonies and provinces and of Roman, Latin and Italic law	p. 135
The discovery of the mode of the overseas heroic colonies	p. 138
The discovery of the first origin in this Science	p. 141
The origins of recondite wisdom are discovered to lie within those of vulgar wisdom	p. 142
The idea of a civil history of inventions in the sciences, disciplines and arts	p. 143
Determination of the eternal point of the perfect state of the nations	p. 145
The Principles of this Science Concerning Language	p. 147
[Introduction]	p. 149
New principles of mythology and etymology	p. 149
New principles of poetry	p. 151
Determination of the birth of the first fable, the origin of idolatry and divination	p. 151
The first principle of the divine poetry, i.e. the theology, of the gentiles	p. 152
The discovery of the principle of the poetic characters that constituted the vocabulary of the first [gentile] nations	p. 153
The discovery of the true poetic allegories	p. 155
The idea of a natural theogony	p. 156
[The idea of a reasoned chronology proceeding] from the fables of the gods through those of the heroes to the things of certain history, which were necessary as the perpetual causes that influence effects in the known gentile world	p. 156
Seven principles of the obscurity of the fables. Principle I: Concerning poetic monsters	p. 158
Principle II: Concerning metamorphoses	p. 158
Principle III: Concerning confusion in the fables	p. 159
Principle IV: Concerning changes in the fables	p. 159
Principle V: Concerning the impropriety of the fables that derives from [new] ideas	p. 160
Principle VI: Concerning the impropriety of the fables that derives from [new] words	p. 161
Important discoveries concerning the law of war and peace resulting from the foregoing principle of poetry	p. 164
Principle VII: Concerning the obscurity of the fables: the secrecy of divination	p. 168
The principle of the corruption of the fables	p. 168
The discovery of three ages of heroic poets up to Homer	p. 170
A demonstration of the truth of the Christian religion	p. 172
How the first legislative wisdom was that of the poets	p. 172
Of the divine wisdom and art of Homer	p. 173
How principles of recondite wisdom came to be discovered in the Homeric fables	p. 175
The mode in which the first language among the nations was born divine	p. 177
The mode [of birth] of the first natural languages, i.e. those with natural signification	p. 179
The mode in which the second language of the nations was born heroic	p. 180
The mode in which the poetic language that has come down to us was formed	p. 181
Further principles of poetic reason	p. 183
The discovery of the true origin of the heroic emblems	p. 185
New principles of the science of blazonry	p. 188
The new discovery of the origins of the family ensigns	p. 189
Further origins of military ensigns	p. 194
The heroic origins of the distinguished Order of the Golden Fleece and the royal blazon of France	p. 196
Further principles of the science of medals	p. 197
The language of arms through which the principles of the natural law of the gentes of the Roman jurisconsults are explained	p. 198
The necessity of the language of arms for understanding barbaric history	p. 204
Concerning the third part of poetic language: words of settled meaning	p. 206
The discovery of the common origins of all the articulate languages	p. 207
The discovery of the true causes of the Latin language and, by analogy, of all the others	p. 208
The discovery of the origins of song and verse	p. 213
The idea of an etymologicon common to all native languages	p. 216
The idea of an etymologicon of words of foreign origin	p. 217
The idea of a universal etymologicon for the science of the language of the natural law of the gentes	p. 218
The idea of a dictionary of mental words common to all nations	p. 220
The Ground of the Proofs That Establish this Science	p. 225
The Final Book	p. 231
[Introduction]: The order of development of the subject matter through which a philosophy of humanity and a universal history of the nations are formed at one and the same time	p. 233
The uniformity of the course that humanity takes among the nations	p. 234
The origins of this Science found in two Egyptian antiquities	p. 235
The origins of this Science found within those of sacred history	p. 236
Supplement on antediluvian history	p. 237
Compendium of the obscure history of the Assyrians, Phoenicians and Egyptians	p. 238
The age of the gods of Greece in which the divine origins of all gentile human institutions are found	p. 238
The uniformity of the age of the gods among the ancient gentile nations	p. 254
The age of the Greek heroes	p. 255
The uniformity of the age of the heroes among the ancient nations	p. 262
The age of men	p. 268
Conclusion of the Work	p. 271
Index	p. 275
Vulgar traditions	p. 277
General discoveries	p. 287
Index	p. 291
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Vico

The First New Science

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