Preface xi
1 Introduction to Databases and the Relational Data Model 1
1.1 Databases are a Tool 2
1.2 Overview of Data and Models 6
1.3 The Relational Data Model 14
1.3.1 Definition 14
1.3.2 Uniqueness 16
1.3.3 Referential Integrity 20
Special Topic: Primary Key and Referential Integrity 26
1.3.4 Additional Constraints 27
2 Conceptual Design 43
2.1 Gathering Requirements 44
2.2 Entity-Relationship Diagrams 46
How To: Design an Entity-Relationship Diagram 50
Special Topic: (Min, Max) Pairs 54
Special Topic: Recursive Relationships and Role Names 54
Special Topic: Ternary Relationships 56
Special Topic: EER for Modeling Inheritance 56
2.3 Mapping ER Diagrams to Tables 62
How To: Map an ER Diagram to Relations 67
2.4 Other Graphical Approaches 73
3 Relational Algebra 103
3.1 Query Design 104
How To: Query Design 104
3.2 Algebra Operators 109
Note: Overview of Relational Algebra 110
3.2.1 Filtering 111
3.2.2 Sets 114
3.2.3 Joins 116
3.2.4 Division 119
3.3 Relational Completeness 127
3.4 Query Optimization 134
How To: Heuristic Query Optimization 136
4 Relational Calculus 161
4.1 Logical Foundations 162
Note: Overview of Relational Calculus Languages 163
4.2 Tuple Relational Calculus 164
4.2.1 Fundamental Query Expressions 165
How To: Writing a Fundamental Query in TRC 165
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4.2.2 Quantification of Variables 167
4.2.3 Atoms and Formula 172
4.2.4 Relational Completeness 175
4.3 Domain Relational Calculus 183
4.3.1 Fundamental Query Expressions 183
How To: Writing a Fundamental Query in DRC 184
4.3.2 Quantification of Variables 187
4.3.3 Atoms and Formula 193
4.3.4 Relational Completeness 195
4.4 Safety 204
5 SQL: An Introduction to Querying 237
5.1 Foundations 237
Note: SQL Syntax 238
Syntax: Basic SQL Query 240
5.2 Fundamental Query Expressions 246
How To: Writing a Fundamental Query in SQL 246
5.2.1 Queries involving One Table 247
5.2.2 Queries involving Multiple Tables 250
How To: Writing a Reflection Query 255
5.3 Nested Queries 261
Special Topic: A glimpse at query optimization 264
Special Topic: Views and Inline Views 266
5.4 Set Operators 270
5.5 Aggregation and Grouping 276
Special Topic: Arithmetic Expressions 281
5.6 Querying with null Values 285
5.7 Relational Completeness 289
5.7.1 Fundamental Operators 290
5.7.2 Additional Operators 292
6 SQL: Beyond the Query Language 329
6.1 Data Definition 329
Syntax: Create Table Statement 331
Syntax: Drop Table Statement 336
Syntax: Alter Table Statement 337
Special Topic: Create Index 338
Syntax: Create View Statement 339
6.2 Data Manipulation 342
Syntax: Insert Into Statement 343
Special Topic: Database Population 346
Syntax: Update Statement 347
Syntax: Delete Statement 349
6.3 Database User Privileges 352
Syntax: Grant Statement 354
Syntax: Revoke Statement 355
7 Database Programming 371
7.1 Persistent Stored Modules 372
Syntax: Create Procedure Statement 374
Syntax: Create Function Statement 376
7.2 Overview of Call-Level Interface 382
7.3 Java and JDBC 385
7.4 Python and DB-API 393
8 XML and Databases 431
8.1 Overview of XML 432
8.2 DTD 439
Syntax: DTD Overview 440
8.3 XML Schema 448
Syntax: XSD Overview of Element and Attribute Declarations 450
Syntax: XSD Attribute Declarations: use, default, fixed 460
8.4 Structuring XML for Data Exchange 467
9 Transaction Management 491
9.1 ACID Properties of a Transaction 492
9.2 Recovery control 498
How To: Recovery Control: UNDO and REDO 501
9.3 Concurrency control 504
9.3.1 Serializability 507
How To: Create a Precedence Graph 508
9.3.2 Locking 512
9.3.3 Timestamps 520
Algorithm: Basic Timestamp Protocol 521
10 More on Database Design 543
10.1 Database Design Goals 544
10.2 Functional Dependencies 546
Algorithm: Attribute Closure 550
Special Topic: Minimal Set of Functional Dependencies 552
How To: Heuristic Determination of a Candidate Key 552
10.3 Decomposition 558
How To: Determine Breakdown of F for a Decomposition 559
How To: Determine Lossless Pairwise Decomposition 562
Algorithm: Lossless-Join Property for Database Schema 565
10.4 Normal Forms 571
How To: Determine the Normal Form of a Relation 574
Algorithm: BCNF Decomposition Algorithm 575
A WinRDBI 599
A.1 Overview 599
A.2 Query Languages 600
A.3 Implementation Overview 606
A.4 Summary 606
Index 607
