Tropical Forestry

By: Michael Kohl, Steen S. Magnussen, Marco Marchetti

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Hardcover | 14 September 2006

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396 Pages

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23.5 x 15.24 x 2.54

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When we talk about forests, we talk about 30% of our planet's land surface 6 area. In 2000 there was an estimated 3 870x10 ha of forest worldwide, of which 1 5% is in forest plantations and 95% in natural forests (FAO 2003). Forests are not only a source for timber; they also generate significant nonwood goods and services, mitigate climate change, conserve biological diversity, provide prot- tion from natural hazards, and not least: provide recreational areas for an increasingly urbanized world population. The availability of timber and n- wood goods and services is waning as deforestation and degradation of tro- cal forests continue. While forest area has stabilized or is slightly increasing in the boreal and temperate regions, the annual loss of forest area in the tropics and subtropics is decreasing. Between 1990 and 2000 the annual rate of defor- 6 estation was estimated to be 14. 6x10 ha (approximately 0. 38%) and took place mainly in tropical and subtropical forests (FAO 2003). The net annual rate of 6 change is about 9. 4x10 ha (0. 2%). Maintaining and enhancing forest areas and the vitality of forest ecosystems is a widely accepted political goal, which is often opposed by conflicting demands of various stakeholders.

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Paperback

Published: 30th November 2010

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Forest Inventories - an Overview	p. 1
Focus	p. 1
Objectives	p. 3
A Typology of Forest Inventories	p. 9
Inventory Planning	p. 11
Forest Mensuration	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Area Information	p. 18
Forest Area Definitions	p. 18
Assessment of Forest Area	p. 22
Tree Information and Information for Characterizing the Growing Stock	p. 24
Species Identification	p. 24
Diameter at Breast Height and Upper-Stem Diameters	p. 26
Cross-Sectional Area Measurement	p. 35
Height	p. 36
Bark Thickness	p. 44
Tree Form	p. 45
Volume	p. 47
Weight and Wood Density	p. 53
Biomass	p. 54
Quantification of Timber Quality	p. 58
Age	p. 61
Growth and Increment	p. 62
Density	p. 69
Sampling in Forest Surveys	p. 71
Introduction	p. 71
Basic Concepts	p. 71
Population, Samples, and Estimators	p. 71
Probability Sampling	p. 74
Definitions and Notations	p. 76
Properties of Estimators	p. 78
Survey Design and Sampling Design	p. 80
Simple Random Sampling	p. 82
Estimating the Population Mean	p. 83
Sampling Error	p. 83
Confidence Intervals for Sample Estimates	p. 85
Estimating the Population Total	p. 86
Determining Sample Size	p. 87
Sampling for Proportions and Percentages	p. 88
Ratio Estimators	p. 91
Advantages and Disadvantages of SRS	p. 91
Systematic Sampling .	p. 93
Cluster Sampling	p. 97
Two-Stage Cluster Sampling	p. 100
Two-Stage Cluster Sampling for the Estimation of Proportions	p. 104
Two-Stage Cluster Sampling with Stratification of the Primary Units	p. 104
Stratified Sampling	p. 105
Sample Allocation	p. 107
Estimation of Population Means and Totals Under Stratified Sampling	p. 108
Estimation of Proportions Under Stratified Random Sampling	p. 108
Design Effect	p. 109
Poststratification	p. 110
Pros and Cons of Stratified Sampling	p. 111
Two-Phase Sampling	p. 112
Two-Phase Sampling with Regression Estimators	p. 112
Two-Phase Sampling for Stratification	p. 116
Multiphase Sampling	p. 118
Errors in Forest Surveys	p. 120
Non-Sampling inventory errors	p. 122
Nonobservation	p. 122
Measurement Errors	p. 123
Estimating Nonsampling Errors and Bias	p. 125
Selection of Trees on Sampling Units	p. 129
Tree Selection with Fixed-Area Sampling Units	p. 130
Scaling of Individual Tree Data into Sample Plot Values	p. 133
Point Sampling	p. 134
Point Sampling Versus Fixed-Area Plots	p. 140
Sampling at the Forest Edge	p. 141
Sampling on Successive Occasions	p. 143
Continuous Forest Inventory	p. 144
Sampling with Partial Replacement of Sample Plots	p. 147
Estimates for Subpopulations	p. 149
Sampling for Rare and Elusive Populations	p. 150
Adaptive Cluster Sampling	p. 151
Sampling with Probability Proportional to Size	p. 155
Line Transect Sampling	p. 160
Capture-Recapture Sampling	p. 166
Inverse Sampling	p. 167
Double Sampling	p. 168
Composite Sampling	p. 170
Small-Area Estimation	p. 173
Direct Small-Area Estimators	p. 174
Synthetic Small-Area Estimators	p. 175
Composite Small-Area Estimators	p. 176
Model-Based Small-Area Estimation	p. 177
Small-Area Estimation by Block Kriging	p. 182
Empirical Bayesian Methods for Small-Area Estimation	p. 185
k Nearest-Neighbor Prediction	p. 187
Resampling for Nonlinear Inventory Statistics	p. 191
The Bootstrap	p. 192
The Jackknife Resampling	p. 194
The Polya-Urn Resampling Scheme	p. 195
Remote Sensing	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
Basic Concepts	p. 201
Electromagnetic Radiation	p. 202
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	p. 203
Interactions with the Atmosphere	p. 205
Radiation-Target Interactions	p. 207
Passive and Active Sensing	p. 210
Characteristics and Analysis of Images	p. 211
Image Resolution	p. 212
Image Processing	p. 214
Visual Computer-Aided Interpretation	p. 220
The Instruments and Their Use	p. 224
Coarse Spatial Resolution Sensors	p. 227
Medium and High Spatial Resolution Sensors	p. 227
Very High Spatial Resolution Sensors	p. 229
Hyperspectral Sensors	p. 230
Microwave Sensors	p. 230
Laser Sensors	p. 233
Accuracy Requirements	p. 234
Accuracy of Position and of Classification	p. 236
Testing the Accuracy of Borderlines	p. 237
Geographic and Forest Information Systems	p. 239
Introduction	p. 239
Geographic Information Systems	p. 240
Spatial Data	p. 241
Spatial Analyses	p. 245
Single-Layer Operations	p. 246
Multilayer Operations	p. 251
Pattern Analysis	p. 254
Statistical Measures	p. 254
Study of Spatial Arrangement	p. 255
Spatial Autocorrelation	p. 256
Network Analysis	p. 257
Surface Analysis	p. 258
Organization of Surface Information	p. 259
Spatial Interpolation	p. 259
Grid Analysis	p. 261
Geostatistical Methods	p. 262
Forest Information Systems	p. 269
Methodical Components of Information Systems	p. 273
Multiresource Forest Inventory	p. 277
Introduction	p. 277
Forest Production	p. 278
From Tree Volume to Utilized Timber Volume	p. 278
Access Studies	p. 280
Nonwood Goods and Services	p. 282
Historical Perspective	p. 282
Definition of Nonwood Goods and Services	p. 284
Classification Systems for Nonwood Goods and Services	p. 286
National Nonwood Forest Product Accounting	p. 286
End Use and Plant Use Classifications	p. 287
Classification Based on Life Forms and Plant Parts	p. 288
Classification According to Management Characteristics	p. 288
The Assessment of Nonwood Goods and Services	p. 288
Forest Ecosystems and Biological Diversity[superscript 2]	p. 293
Biodiversity Indicators	p. 298
Assessment of the Forest Edge	p. 299
Sampling Diversity	p. 300
Assessment of Rare Species by Adaptive Cluster Sampling	p. 302
Plant Density Estimation	p. 302
Assessment of Deadwood by Transect Relaskop Sampling and Guided Transect Sampling	p. 303
Landscape Analysis	p. 304
The Theory of Windows	p. 305
Trees Outside Forests	p. 312
Forest Fires	p. 312
Assessment and Modeling of Wildfire Risks	p. 313
Detecting Fires and Emissions	p. 319
Mapping Burned Areas	p. 321
Vegetation Indices and Forest Fires	p. 325
Indices for Danger Assessment	p. 325
References	p. 327
Index	p. 367
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Tropical Forestry

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