Treatise on Basic Philosophy

of Ethics.- 1. Value, Morality and Action: Fact, Theory, and Metatheory.- 2. Basic Schema of Values, Norms and Actions.- 3. Relations between Axiology, Ethics and Action Theory.- 4. The Task.- I Values.- 1. Roots of Values.- 1. Nature and Kinds of Value.- 1.1 Nature of Value.- 1.2 Kinds of Value.- 1.3 Summary.- 2. Value Sources.- 2.1 Biovalue.- 2.2 Psychovalue.- 2.3 Sociovalue.- 2.4 Summary.- 3. Needs, Wants, and Values.- 3.1 Basic Needs and Legitimate Wants.- 3.2 Values.- 3.3 Value Categories and Orders.- 3.4 Summary.- 2. Welfare.- 1. Welfare and Happiness.- 1.1 From Bentham to Decision Theory.- 1.2 Definitions.- 1.3 Postulates.- 1.4 Social Welfare.- 1.5 Summary.- 2. Value Conflict and Change.- 2.1 Value Conflict.- 2.2 Ideals.- 2.3 The Summum Bonum.- 2.4 Summary.- 3. Value Theory.- 1. Analysis.- 1.1 Intrinsic and Instrumental.- 1.2 Absolute and Relative.- 1.3 Objective and Subjective.- 1.4 Individual and Social.- 1.5 Fact and Value.- 1.6 Summary.- 2. Value and Knowledge.- 2.1 Semantic and Epistemological Status.- 2.2 Values and Science.- 2.3 Values and Technology.- 2.4 Summary.- 3. Value Measures and Calculi.- 3.1 Objective Value of a Generic Item.- 3.2 Objective Value of Systems and Processes.- 3.3 Subjective Value (Utility).- 3.4 Value Calculi.- 3.5 Summary.- II Morals.- 4. Roots of Morals.- 1. Rights and Duties.- 1.1 Right and Duty.- 1.2 Rights Imply Duties.- 1.3 Summary.- 2. Morals.- 2.1 Right and Wrong Actions.- 2.2 Moral Problems.- 2.3 Morals.- 2.4 Summary.- 3. Sources and Functions of Morals.- 3.1 Biological.- 3.2 Psychological.- 3.3 Social.- 3.4 Summary.- 5. Morality Changes.- 1. Development and Evolution.- 1.1 Nature and Nurture.- 1.2 Origin and Breakdown of Norms.- 1.3 Summary.- 2. The Human Condition.- 2.1 Human Nature.- 2.2 Competition.- 2.3 Cooperation.- 2.4 Summary.- 3. Morality Changes.- 3.1 Evolution of Mores and Morals.- 3.2 The Current Moral Crisis.- 3.3 Summary.- 6. Some Moral Issues.- 1. Private Morals.- 1.1 Three Moral Spheres.- 1.2 Life and Death.- 1.3 Virtue and Sin.- 1.4 Ten Virtues.- 1.5 Desert and Reward, Crime and Punishment.- 1.6 Summary.- 2. Public Morals.- 2.1 Human Survival Issues.- 2.2 Equality.- 2.3 Freedom.- 2.4 Justice.- 2.5 Democracy.- 2.6 Summary.- III Ethics.- 7. Types of Ethical Theory.- 1. Matters of Method.- 1.1 Religious and Secular Doctrines.- 1.2 Monism and Pluralism.- 1.3 Absolutism and Relativism.- 1.4 Objectivism and Subjectivism.- 1.5 Emotivism, Intuitionism and Cognitivism.- 1.6 Consequentialism and Deontologism.- 1.7 Individualism, Holism, Systemism.- 1.8 Conservatives and Reformists.- 1.9 Summary.- 2. Moral isms: Egoistic.- 2.1 Nihilism.- 2.2 Rational Egoism.- 2.3 Libertarianism.- 2.4 Contractualism.- 2.5 Negative Utilitarianism.- 2.6 Summary.- 3. Moral isms: Altruistic.- 3.1 Natural Law.- 3.2 Kant.- 3.3 Utilitarianism.- 3.4 Agathonism.- 3.5 Summary.- 8. Ethics Et Alia.- 1. Ethics and Knowledge.- 1.1 Ethics and Logic.- 1.2 Ethics and Epistemology.- 1.3 Ethics and Ontology.- 1.4 Ethics and Science.- 1.5 Ethics and Technology.- 1.6 Summary.- 2. Ethics and Action.- 2.1 Praxis and Ethics: Generalities.- 2.2 Bioethics.- 2.3 Nomoethics.- 2.4 Business Ethics.- 2.5 Political Ethics.- 2.6 Summary.- 9. Metaethics.- 1. Scientific and Philosophic Ethics.- 1.1 Ethics as Science and as Philosophy.- 1.2 Scientific and Axiological Basis.- 1.3 Constraints on Moral Norms.- 1.4 Norms and Normative Systems.- 1.5 Moral Reasoning.- 1.6 Summary.- 2. Ethics and Reality.- 2.1 The Is-Ought Gap.- 2.2 Moral Truth.- 2.3 Applying Ethics.- 2.4 Testing Ethics.- 2.5 Summary.- IV Action Theory.- 10. Action.- 1. Individual Action.- 1.1 Philosophical Underpinnings.- 1.2 Human Action.- 1.3 Goals, Means, and Plans.- 1.4 Work.- 1.5 Summary.- 2. Collective Action.- 2.1 Private and Public Interests.- 2.2 Social Policies and Plans.- 2.3 Cooperation and Competition.- 2.4 Competitive Cooperation.- 2.5 Management.- 2.6 Summary.- 11. Social Philosophy.- 1. Environmental.- 2. Biological.- 3. Economic.- 4. Political.- 5. Cultural.- 6. Summary.- 12 Values and Morals for a Viable Future.- 1. The Thirteen Horsemen of the Apocalypse.- 2. Old and New Values and Morals.- 3. A Survival and Development Morality.- 4. A Viable Social Order.- 5. Conclusion.- Index of Names.- Index of Subjects.