Towards a Cleaner Planet

Energy for the Future

By: Jaime Klapp (Editor), Jorge L. Cervantes-Cota (Editor), JosÃ© Federico ChÃ¡vez AlcalÃ¡ (Editor)

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Hardcover | 2 May 2007

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450 Pages

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The world has entered a period of significant changes regarding the future of energy generation, mainly caused by the apparent exhaustion of hyd- carbons in the near future, and the Greenhouse gases (GHG) effect of alt- ing the climate worldwide. Mexico, as a developing country, and as the eleventh-most populated nation with the thirteenth-largest territory, and as the owner of important oil production resources, is a good example of a State needing to improve and increase its energy generation. A concerted action amongst the e- nomic sectors involved - both governmental and industrial - could dras- cally improve the present situation regarding the development of its alt- native energy resources. The main motivation for organizing the German-Mexican Symposium 2006 Energy for the future: towards a cleaner planet, was to get a global perspective for changing the present energy-mix in Mexico, currently based on fossil fuels, towards cleaner energy resources. To achieve this, a wide range of relevant topics must be analysed, such as the state of the art of each energy type, their potential use and benefits, social, economic, - litical and environmental aspects, and their inclusion as a real alternative to energy generation programs. It will take time for every country to reduce its dependence on hydrocarbons and to increase its alternative energies share.

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Published: 30th November 2010

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General Overview and Energy Efficiency	p. 1
Energy for the Present and Future: A World Energy Overview	p. 3
Abstract	p. 3
Introduction	p. 4
Traditional energy resources	p. 12
Oil	p. 12
Coal	p. 14
Natural Gas	p. 16
Nuclear	p. 17
Alternative energy resources	p. 19
Hydrogen	p. 21
Solar	p. 23
Hydropower	p. 25
Eolic	p. 26
Geothermal	p. 27
Biomass	p. 30
Conclusions	p. 32
Acknowledgements	p. 34
References	p. 34
Energy, Present and Future	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Scenarios of the future	p. 37
Energy conservation and efficiency enhancement	p. 38
Energy production options	p. 40
Breakthrough possibilities	p. 41
Summary	p. 42
Advanced Energy Conversion	p. 43
Abstract	p. 43
Introduction	p. 43
Activities at KIT	p. 44
Status of fuel research	p. 46
Actual challenges	p. 47
Examples	p. 47
Production of Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) from Biomass	p. 47
The Flame: A Thermo-physicochemical Processes of Energy Conversion	p. 48
Technical Systems for Energy Conversion investigated at KIT	p. 49
Example of energy performance for future buildings	p. 53
Energy efficiency in Mexico - a bird's eye view	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
Some historical developments	p. 56
The demand management approach	p. 59
Conclusions	p. 60
Appendix	p. 61
References	p. 63
Information links	p. 63
Energy efficiency and conservation in Mexico	p. 65
Abstract	p. 65
Introduction	p. 65
Mexico's economic and energy context	p. 66
Energy efficiency and conservation in Mexico	p. 66
The National Commission for Energy Conservation (CONAE)	p. 67
The Trust Fund for Electricity Savings (FIDE)	p. 67
The Electricity Sector Energy-Savings Program (PAESE)	p. 67
Trust Fund for the Thermal Insulation Program of Households in the Mexican Valley (FIPATERM)	p. 68
Main programs and results	p. 68
Energy-Efficiency Standards	p. 68
Daylight Savings Time	p. 69
ASI Program	p. 69
ILUMEX	p. 69
FIDE's Incentives Program	p. 70
Pemex Energy Conservation Campaign	p. 70
Federal Administration Buildings	p. 70
Overall results	p. 71
Barriers and challenges for the future	p. 71
The energy sector dominated by a supply side perspective	p. 71
Energy prices which do not reflect their real cost	p. 72
The growth of the services' sector and its installations	p. 72
Conclusions	p. 72
References	p. 73
Traditional Energy Resources	p. 75
Status of the Mexican Electricity Generation	p. 77
Abstract	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
Mexican electrical sector	p. 78
Forecasting scenarios	p. 80
Electricity gross consumption	p. 81
Electricity prospective	p. 83
Discussion	p. 86
References	p. 86
Thermoeconomic Study of CCGT Plants	p. 87
Abstract	p. 87
Introduction	p. 87
Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine Plant (CCGT)	p. 88
The CCGT systems	p. 89
Gas turbine trends	p. 90
Thermo-economic balance search	p. 93
Results	p. 94
Efficiency	p. 94
Cash flow	p. 95
Fuel Cost Impact	p. 95
Conclusions	p. 96
References	p. 97
CO[subscript 2] Capture for Atmosphere Pollution Reduction	p. 99
Abstract	p. 99
Introduction	p. 100
Absorption by Monoethanolamine (MEA)	p. 101
Adsorption	p. 104
Cryogenic distillation	p. 105
Membrane diffusion	p. 106
Other separation methods	p. 107
Conclusions	p. 107
Acknowledgement	p. 110
References	p. 110
Fossil Fuels Pollution and Air Quality Modeling	p. 113
Introduction	p. 113
Major pollutant sources	p. 114
Air pollution measurements	p. 115
Ambient measurements	p. 115
Source measurements	p. 116
Emissions inventories in the ZMVM	p. 116
Developed Research Programs	p. 117
Mathematical models	p. 118
Deterministic models	p. 118
Statistical models	p. 118
Methods of spatial interpolation	p. 119
Conclusions	p. 119
References	p. 120
Fundamentals of Boiling Water Reactor Safety Design and Operation	p. 123
Abstract	p. 123
Introduction	p. 124
Nuclear Reactor Designs	p. 125
Nuclear Safety	p. 126
Engineering Safety Barriers	p. 127
Reactivity and Feedback	p. 130
Reactivity coefficients	p. 132
Power Peaking Factors	p. 134
BWR Core Thermal Limits	p. 136
The linear heat generation rate thermal limit	p. 136
Boiling heat transfer in a nuclear reactor core	p. 137
The minimum critical power ratio thermal limit	p. 139
Operational limit and margin	p. 140
Nuclear Industry Accidents	p. 140
TMI	p. 141
Chernobyl	p. 141
Lessons and actions	p. 142
Fuel Failure	p. 143
Other Issues Related to Nuclear Safety	p. 144
Next Generation Reactor Designs	p. 144
Conclusions	p. 144
References	p. 145
General Overview of the Current Situation of Nuclear Energy	p. 147
Abstract	p. 147
The first years	p. 147
Nuclear industry: a growing experience	p. 148
Nuclear electricity: greenhouse emissions free	p. 151
Chernobyl and TMI: the toughness of western safety design	p. 152
Nuclear Performance: the longest periods in the grid	p. 153
Nuclear electricity in Mexico	p. 155
Towards the future: now and then	p. 156
Radioactive waste: Achilles heel or political issue?	p. 158
Conclusions	p. 160
References	p. 160
The Clean and Safe Nuclear Reactors of the Future	p. 163
Energy as global challenge	p. 163
Three generations of nuclear reactors	p. 165
Nuclear electricity production in the world	p. 165
Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power	p. 166
Three generations of nuclear power plants	p. 166
High-temperature gas-cooled reactor	p. 170
Technical characteristics of HTGRs	p. 170
Experience with HTGR operation	p. 171
Follow-up designs for future HTGRs	p. 174
International activities on near-term HTGRs	p. 175
The fourth generation	p. 177
Requirements to a new generation of nuclear plants	p. 177
The GIF initiative	p. 178
The treatment of radioactive waste	p. 182
Penetration of non-electricity markets	p. 182
Nuclear power for more than electricity production	p. 182
Requirements for nuclear energy in industrial applications	p. 183
Nuclear process heat for the refinery industries	p. 184
Nuclear hydrogen production	p. 185
Worldwide activities on nuclear hydrogen production	p. 188
Conclusions	p. 190
References	p. 191
Transition Strategies for a Hydrogen Economy in Mexico	p. 195
Abstract	p. 195
Introduction	p. 196
Economy of hydrogen with zero emissions	p. 197
Security of energy supply in Mexico	p. 198
Energy-economic model	p. 199
Renewable power program for 2007 to 2015	p. 202
Nuclear and renewable power program for 2015 to 2030	p. 206
Northwest region, opportunity to impel the new clean energy technologies	p. 208
Conclusions	p. 209
References	p. 209
Nuclear Energy Economical Viability	p. 211
Abstract	p. 211
Introduction	p. 211
Levelized cost methodology	p. 213
Assumptions for the analysis	p. 214
Results	p. 217
Total Levelized Generating Cost	p. 217
Time Construction Sensitivity Analysis	p. 217
Capacity Factor Sensitivity Analysis	p. 218
Discussions	p. 219
Conclusions	p. 219
References	p. 220
Natural Safety Storage of Radioactive Waste	p. 221
Abstract	p. 221
Introduction	p. 222
Uranium: fuel of a nuclear reactor	p. 223
Interdisciplinary conditions for natural reactors at Oklo	p. 224
Immobility of nuclear waste at Oklo	p. 227
Operation characteristics of nuclear reactors at Oklo	p. 229
Conclusions	p. 231
References	p. 231
The Reinassance of Nuclear Power	p. 233
Abstract	p. 233
Introduction	p. 234
Electricity Economics	p. 235
Nuclear electricity and the environment	p. 236
Radioactive wastes	p. 238
Nuclear future	p. 241
Conclusions	p. 242
References	p. 243
Alternative Energy Resources	p. 245
Renewable Energy in Mexico: Current Status and Future Prospects	p. 247
Abstract	p. 247
Introduction	p. 247
The present situation	p. 249
The renewable energy resource base	p. 249
Project inventory as of 08/2006	p. 251
Market supporting elements	p. 255
Future prospects	p. 257
What can be expected for the short term?	p. 258
Drivers to move forward	p. 259
The approach by sectors	p. 261
Barriers to the implementation if renewables in Mexico	p. 262
Conclusion	p. 263
References	p. 263
The Development of Thermal Solar Cooling Systems	p. 267
Introduction	p. 267
The energy sector in Mexico	p. 269
Renewable energy in Mexico	p. 269
Solar thermal energy in Mexico today	p. 270
PV in Mexico	p. 270
Small hydro in Mexico	p. 270
Biomass in Mexico	p. 271
Challenges for renewables	p. 271
Perspectives for renewables	p. 272
The solar network	p. 272
National programmes in solar energy for buildings	p. 273
R&D Programme	p. 273
Solar cooling and refrigeration	p. 273
Energy consumption in cooling	p. 273
Solar cooling technologies	p. 274
Potential of solar cooling technologies	p. 277
Recent solar cooling installations in Mexico	p. 278
Conclusions	p. 278
Acknowledgements	p. 280
References	p. 280
Converting Solar Radiation to Electric Power in Mexico	p. 281
Introduction	p. 281
Basic principles of photovoltaic conversion	p. 284
Photovoltaic technology: state of art	p. 286
Solar cells manufacturing technology	p. 290
Monocrystalline silicon	p. 290
Polycrystalline silicon	p. 290
Amorphous silicon	p. 291
CdTe	p. 291
Cu-In-Ga-Se	p. 293
Solar photovoltaic powered water pumping systems	p. 297
Costs and challenges in the photovoltaic technology	p. 301
Acknowledgement	p. 302
References	p. 302
Some Recent Research on Solar Energy Technology	p. 305
Introduction	p. 305
Calorimetric evaluation of concentrated radiative fluxes	p. 306
Direct solar steam generation for soil disinfection	p. 310
Advanced oxidation processes for water detoxification	p. 312
Photocatalytic materials	p. 313
Photocatalytic reactors	p. 315
Application of advanced oxidation processes	p. 319
Acknowledgements	p. 321
References	p. 321
Wind Energy: an opportunity for diversifying electricity generation in Mexico	p. 325
Introduction	p. 325
Mexico's wind energy resource	p. 328
National Policy	p. 330
Progress towards the improvement of the legal, regulatory, and institutional frameworks affecting wind power development in Mexico	p. 332
Progress on the implementation of wind power	p. 336
Industry	p. 341
Remarks	p. 341
References	p. 342
Development of geothermal energy in Mexico and its energetic potential for the future	p. 343
Abstract	p. 343
Introduction to geothermal technology	p. 344
Global use of geothermal energy	p. 345
Electricity generation	p. 345
Direct use	p. 347
Geothermal potential in Mexico	p. 348
Electricity production	p. 348
Non-electrical use	p. 351
Comparison with conventional energy types	p. 353
Strategies and Future options	p. 355
Feasibility and exploitation of additional high-enthalpy geothermal fields	p. 355
Use of medium to low-enthalpy reservoirs	p. 357
Proposed technology changes	p. 357
Legal aspects - Private contribution	p. 358
Future consciousness and long-term investments	p. 359
Conclusions	p. 360
References	p. 361
Energy and Activated Carbon Production from Crop Biomass Byproducts	p. 365
Abstract	p. 365
Introduction	p. 366
Proposal	p. 367
Background and rationale	p. 368
Research and development	p. 370
Technical, economic, social, and other benefits to the communities	p. 370
The estimated total cost of the proposed approach relative to benefits	p. 371
Any specific policy issues or decision which might be affected by the results	p. 371
Technical objectives	p. 371
Working plan	p. 372
Task 1	p. 372
Task 2	p. 377
Task 3	p. 378
Task 4	p. 378
Task 5	p. 379
Task 6	p. 379
Related research and development	p. 379
Potential post applications	p. 384
Final remarks	p. 384
References	p. 385
Hydrogen: The Ecological Fuel for Mexican Future	p. 389
Abstract	p. 389
Introduction	p. 390
Hydrogen production	p. 392
Hydrogen storage and distribution	p. 398
Fuel cells	p. 398
Standards for hydrogen and fuel cells	p. 400
Fusion	p. 401
Conclusions	p. 402
References	p. 403
Nuclear Fusion as an Energy Option for the 21st Century	p. 405
Introduction	p. 405
The challenge of controlled nuclear fusion	p. 406
Burning plasma experiments: the uncharted territory	p. 409
The engineering challenge	p. 412
Complexity as Compared to other Alternative Energy Sources	p. 412
High energy flux on the first wall	p. 412
Radiation damage on the reactor components	p. 413
Economic competitivity	p. 413
Divertor design	p. 413
The hybrid fission-fusion option	p. 414
A strategy for a Mexican fusion programme	p. 415
Conclusion	p. 417
References	p. 418
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Towards a Cleaner Planet

Energy for the Future

At a Glance

Hardcover

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

Other Editions and Formats

Paperback

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