| Preface | p. vii |
| Contributors | p. xv |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Tense | p. 2 |
| Aspect | p. 3 |
| Perfect and Perfectivity | p. 3 |
| Eventuality Type | p. 4 |
| Modals and Modal Verbs | p. 5 |
| Subject/Speaker Orientation | p. 5 |
| The Temporal Location of Modal Verbs | p. 6 |
| The Temporal/Causal Function of Modal Verbs | p. 7 |
| The Temporal Syntax of Non-Root Modals | p. 8 |
| Weak Necessity Modals | p. 9 |
| The Role of Past Morphology in Modal Contexts | p. 9 |
| The Subjunctive | p. 10 |
| Genericity | p. 11 |
| Copular Clauses | p. 11 |
| Conclusions and Open Problems | p. 12 |
| References | p. 14 |
| Patterns in the Semantics of Generic Sentences | p. 17 |
| The Setting | p. 17 |
| The Issues | p. 18 |
| Induction and Stipulation | p. 22 |
| Rules and Induction | p. 22 |
| What do Generic Sentences do? | p. 23 |
| Inductive Generalizations Again | p. 24 |
| Patterns | p. 25 |
| Patterns and Non-Patterns | p. 25 |
| Generic Sentences | p. 27 |
| Restriction | p. 31 |
| Review of Issues | p. 33 |
| Weak and Really Strong Generalizations | p. 34 |
| Conclusion | p. 36 |
| References | p. 37 |
| Intensional Subjects and Indirect Contextual Anchoring | p. 39 |
| Introduction | p. 39 |
| Specificational Copular Clauses | p. 40 |
| Higgins's (1973) Taxonomy of Copular Clauses | p. 40 |
| The Subject of Specificational Clauses | p. 41 |
| The Copula of Specification | p. 42 |
| Romanian Questions of the Form Care Copula DP? | p. 43 |
| Two Types of Discourse-Linking | p. 43 |
| Semantic Restrictions on the Postcopular DP | p. 44 |
| Remarks on the Syntax of Romanian Questions of the Form 'Care Copula DP?' | p. 49 |
| Conclusion | p. 51 |
| Indefinite Subjects, Topichood, and Point of View | p. 52 |
| Indefinite Subjects and Topichood in Constituent Questions | p. 52 |
| Topichood, Point of View, and the Conditional Mood | p. 53 |
| Conclusions | p. 56 |
| References | p. 56 |
| Temporal Orientation in Conditionals (Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love UFO's) | p. 59 |
| UFOs and Other Oddities | p. 60 |
| Away from an Explanation | p. 65 |
| Towards an Explanation | p. 68 |
| No Real Epistemic Eventives | p. 69 |
| Antecedents Have Their Own Modal Flavors | p. 73 |
| Conclusion | p. 76 |
| References | p. 76 |
| On the Temporal Syntax of Non-Root Modals | p. 79 |
| Crosslinguistic Asymmetries in the Temporal Construals of Non-Root Modals | p. 80 |
| The Grammar of Temporal Relations | p. 82 |
| Tenses and Aspects as Spatiotemporal Predicates | p. 82 |
| Anaphora | p. 84 |
| Condoravdi (2002): Perfect Modals | p. 87 |
| The Temporal Phrase Structure of Non-Root Modals | p. 89 |
| Setting the Modal-Time | p. 89 |
| Ordering the Modal-Time | p. 90 |
| The Temporal Interpretation of English Non-Root Modals | p. 91 |
| Present/Future Oriented Epistemic Modals | p. 91 |
| Aspectually Complex Modals: Progressive and Perfect Modals | p. 95 |
| The Temporal Interpretation of Spanish Non-Root Modals | p. 104 |
| Modals Inflected for the Past | p. 104 |
| Modals Inflected for the Present | p. 109 |
| Modals Inflected for the Future | p. 110 |
| Conclusions | p. 111 |
| References | p. 112 |
| How to Say Ought in Foreign: The Composition of Weak Necessity Modals | p. 115 |
| A Basic Contrast | p. 116 |
| Weakness | p. 117 |
| The Crosslinguistic Picture | p. 120 |
| Flavors | p. 126 |
| Epistemic Modality | p. 126 |
| Goal-Oriented Modality | p. 127 |
| Deontic Modality | p. 127 |
| Counterfactuality? | p. 128 |
| A Consolation and a Precedent | p. 131 |
| Scope Confusion? | p. 135 |
| Ordering Source Promotion | p. 136 |
| Why Counterfactual Marking? | p. 139 |
| Conclusion | p. 139 |
| References | p. 140 |
| On the Temporal Function of Modal Verbs | p. 143 |
| Modal Verbs Part I: Grammatical Properties | p. 144 |
| The Tense of Modals | p. 144 |
| Absence of Agreement Morphology | p. 146 |
| The Temporal/Causal Function of Modal Verbs | p. 149 |
| Causality in Grammar | p. 149 |
| Two Syntactic Levels of Interpretation | p. 149 |
| Point of View | p. 150 |
| The Instrument | p. 150 |
| Two Types of Causality | p. 151 |
| Metaphysical Causality on Higher vP Levels | p. 161 |
| On the Syntactic Determination of Causality | p. 164 |
| "Metaphysical Intentionality" | p. 167 |
| Modal Verbs Part II: Causality | p. 167 |
| Conclusion | p. 169 |
| References | p. 170 |
| The English Perfect and the Metaphysics of Events | p. 173 |
| Introduction | p. 173 |
| Metaphysical Issues | p. 176 |
| Interactions with Sequence of Tense | p. 181 |
| Shifted Perfects | p. 184 |
| Conclusion | p. 192 |
| References | p. 192 |
| Tense and Modality in Nominals | p. 195 |
| Tense in Nominals | p. 197 |
| Space and Time | p. 197 |
| The D-T Relation | p. 198 |
| Time and the Noun | p. 202 |
| Interim Discussion | p. 204 |
| Modality | p. 205 |
| Time and Worlds | p. 205 |
| Generics and Habituals | p. 206 |
| Attitude Verbs | p. 208 |
| Free Relatives | p. 209 |
| Interim Discussion | p. 211 |
| Evidentiality | p. 211 |
| Visual Evidentiality | p. 212 |
| Approaches to (Sentential) Evidentiality | p. 214 |
| Extending Kratzer's Theory | p. 217 |
| Conclusions | p. 220 |
| References | p. 221 |
| Time With and Without Tense | p. 227 |
| Background and Principles | p. 228 |
| Background | p. 228 |
| Pragmatic Principles for Temporal Interpretation | p. 230 |
| Temporal Information in Language: A Classification | p. 231 |
| Tensed Languages | p. 232 |
| Tenseless Languages and Mixed-Temporal Languages | p. 234 |
| Mandarin Chinese | p. 234 |
| Inferred Temporal Location | p. 235 |
| Sentences With Overt Aspectual Viewpoints | p. 237 |
| Other Tenseless Languages | p. 239 |
| Mixed-Temporal Languages | p. 240 |
| Zero-Marked Sentences: The Neutral Viewpoint | p. 241 |
| Formalizing the Analysis | p. 243 |
| Conclusion | p. 246 |
| References | p. 247 |
| The English Konjunktiv II | p. 251 |
| The Syntactic Distribution of K2 | p. 252 |
| A Sociolinguistic Interlude | p. 255 |
| Subjunctive and Indicative Conditionals | p. 257 |
| Counterfactual Subjunctives Versus Other Types of Subjunctives | p. 264 |
| Further Aspects of English Counterfactual Subjunctives and Sequence of Tense | p. 266 |
| Inversion in Conditionals | p. 268 |
| A Variant Form of the Subjunctive | p. 269 |
| Conclusion | p. 271 |
| References | p. 271 |
| Phasing in Modals: Phases and the Epistemic/Root Distinction | p. 273 |
| Introduction | p. 273 |
| Epistemic and Root Modals | p. 276 |
| Subject Versus Non-Subject Orientation | p. 277 |
| Modal Evaluation Time | p. 278 |
| Aspect and Veridicality of the Event | p. 281 |
| Modals and Phases | p. 283 |
| Toward a Phase-Based Analysis: Lexical Features of Modals | p. 284 |
| Modals as Tense Morphemes | p. 285 |
| Perfectivity and Root Modals | p. 288 |
| Conclusion | p. 290 |
| References | p. 290 |
| Index | p. 293 |
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