Thermodynamics, Solubility and Environmental Issues

By: Trevor Letcher

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Hardcover | 20 April 2007

At a Glance

Hardcover
492 Pages

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24.13 x 17.15 x 2.54

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Environmental problems are becoming an important aspect of our lives as industries grow apace with populations throughout the world. Thermodynamics, Solubility and Environmental Issues highlights some of the problems and shows how chemistry can help to reduce these them. The unifying theme is Solubility - the most basic and important of thermodynamic properties. This informative book looks at the importance and applications of solubility and thermodynamics, in understanding and in reducing chemical pollution in the environment.

Written by experts in their respective fields and representing the latest findings in this very important and broad area. A collection of twenty-five chapters cover a wide range of topics including; mining, polymer manufacture and applications, radioactive wastes, industries in general, agro-chemicals, soil pollution and biology, together with the basic theory and recent developments in the modelling of environmental pollutants.

Latest research into solving some of the most important environmental problems
Covering new technologies, new chemicals and new processes eg, biodegradable polymers, ionic liquids and green chemistry
Contains the basic theories and underlying importance of solubility

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Environmental Science Biochemical Engineering Science Science in General Biology, Life Sciences Life Sciences in General Ecological Science Chemistry Physical Chemistry Thermochemistry & Chemical Thermodynamics

Preface	p. v
Foreword	p. vii
List of Contributors	p. ix
Basic Theory and Modelling
An Introduction to Modelling of Pollutants in the Environment	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Partition Coefficients	p. 3
Model Environments	p. 7
Equilibrium Partition	p. 7
Environmental Distribution	p. 9
Environmental Distribution Using a Flow Model	p. 11
Accumulation of Chemicals in the Food Chain	p. 15
Modeling the Solubility in Water of Environmentally Important Organic Compounds	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Quantum Chemistry Methods	p. 19
Experiment-Based QSPR Modeling	p. 20
Structure-Based QSPR Modeling	p. 21
The Quantum-Connectivity Indices	p. 23
Modeling Solubility with Quantum-Connectivity	p. 25
Concluding Remarks	p. 28
Modeling of Contaminant Leaching	p. 33
Overview of Significance	p. 33
Geochemical Modeling	p. 34
Summary	p. 46
Industry and Mining
Supercritical Fluids and Reductions in Environmental Pollution	p. 51
Introduction	p. 51
Supercritical Fluids	p. 51
References for Thermodynamic Properties of Supercritical Fluids	p. 55
Solubility of Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes in Supercritical Fluids	p. 60
Structure of Supercritical Water	p. 65
Application of Supercritical Fluids for Reducing Pollutants	p. 76
Concluding Remarks	p. 81
Phase Equilibrium Studies on Ionic Liquid Systems for Industrial Separation Processes of Complex Organic Mixtures	p. 85
Introduction	p. 85
Solubility Studies on Ionic Liquid-Organic Mixtures and Application to Liquid-Liquid Extraction	p. 88
The Determination of Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution for the Selection of Entrainers in Extractive Distillation	p. 100
Assessment of the Potential of Ionic Liquids as Solvents in Separation Processes	p. 105
Conclusion	p. 107
	p. 107
Environmental and Solubility Issues Related to Novel Corrosion Control	p. 113
Introduction	p. 113
Corrosion of Industrially Important Metals	p. 115
The Layers Protecting the Base Metals	p. 117
Superprimers on Metals	p. 125
Summary/Conclusions	p. 133
The Behavior of Iron and Aluminum in Acid Mine Drainage: Speciation, Mineralogy, and Environmental Significance	p. 137
Introduction	p. 137
Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Iron and Aluminum in AMD	p. 138
Environmental Significance	p. 144
Conclusions	p. 148
Radioactive Wastes
An Evaluation of Solubility Limits on Maximum Uranium Concentrations in Groundwater	p. 153
Introduction	p. 153
Geologic Setting of the Tono Uranium Deposit	p. 154
Geochemical Constraints on Uranium Solubility	p. 156
Evaluation of Uranium Solubility	p. 160
Conclusions	p. 166
Leaching from Cementitious Materials Used in Radioactive Waste Disposal Sites	p. 169
Introduction	p. 169
Radioactive Waste Disposal Site and Concrete	p. 169
Leaching from Cementitious Materials	p. 170
Method for Predicting Durability of Concrete	p. 172
Measures Against Leaching Degradation	p. 179
Conclusions	p. 184
Air, Water, Soil and Remediation
Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Natural Systems	p. 189
Carbon Dioxide: A Natural Reagent	p. 189
Aqueous Speciation of CO[subscript 2]	p. 191
Multiphase Thermodynamic System	p. 192
Modelling Natural Systems	p. 196
Concluding Remarks	p. 202
Estimation of the Volatilization of Organic Chemicals from Soil	p. 205
Introduction	p. 205
Physicochemical Properties of Chemicals	p. 207
Factors Influencing Volatilization	p. 210
Estimation of Volatilization of Chemicals from Soil	p. 214
Thermodynamics of Persistent Organic Chemicals: The Equilibrium Partitioning Approach	p. 220
Solubility and the Phytoextraction of Arsenic from Soils by Two Different Fern Species	p. 229
Introduction	p. 229
Materials and Methods	p. 232
Results and Discussion	p. 236
Conclusions	p. 239
Environmental Issues of Gasoline Additives - Aqueous Solubility and Spills	p. 245
Introduction	p. 245
Common Oxygenates and Octane Boosters	p. 246
Releases to the Environment	p. 251
Conclusions	p. 257
Ecotoxicity of Ionic Liquids in an Aquatic Environment	p. 259
Introduction	p. 259
Lipophilicity	p. 260
Biodegradability	p. 260
Aquatic Toxicity	p. 262
Conclusions	p. 276
Rhamnolipid Biosurfactants: Solubility and Environmental Issues	p. 279
Introduction	p. 279
Background to Rhamnolipids	p. 280
Enhanced Biodegradation of Recalcitrant Compounds	p. 281
Ex Situ Washing	p. 285
In Situ Flushing Applications	p. 291
Micellar Enhanced Ultrafiltration of Contaminated Water	p. 294
Conclusions	p. 295
Sorption, Lipophilicity and Partitioning Phenomena of Ionic Liquids in Environmental Systems	p. 299
Introduction	p. 299
Ionic Liquids	p. 300
Sorption of Ionic Liquids in the Environment	p. 301
Lipophilicity and the Partitioning of Ionic Liquids	p. 307
Conclusions	p. 311
The Solubility of Hydroxyaluminosilicates and the Biological Availability of Aluminium	p. 315
What are Hydroxyaluminosilicates?	p. 315
A Summary of the Evidence	p. 316
What Next for Hydroxyaluminosilicates?	p. 320
Hydroxyaluminosilicates and the Biological Availability of Aluminium	p. 321
Apatite Group Minerals: Solubility and Environmental Remediation	p. 327
Introduction	p. 327
Apatite Group Minerals	p. 327
Lead Phosphate Minerals	p. 329
Arsenate Minerals	p. 332
Conclusions	p. 336
Polymer Related Issues
Solubility of Gases and Vapors in Polylactide Polymers	p. 343
Introduction	p. 343
Polymer/Chemical Interactions	p. 344
Theoretical Considerations	p. 344
Factors Affecting Mass Transfer in Polymers	p. 349
Polylactides	p. 352
Polylactide Barrier Properties	p. 354
Regular Solution Theory: Solubility Parameter Predictions	p. 362
Biodegradable Material Obtained from Renewable Resource: Plasticized Sodium Caseinate Films	p. 369
Introduction	p. 369
Experimental Section	p. 371
Results and Discussion	p. 374
Conclusion	p. 380
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as a Green Solvent for Polymer Synthesis	p. 383
Introduction	p. 383
Porous Materials and Supercritical Fluids	p. 384
CO[subscript 2] as a Pressure-Adjustable Template/Porogen	p. 384
Templating of Supercritical Fluid Emulsions	p. 386
Polymer Solubility in CO[subscript 2]	p. 388
High-Throughput Solubility Measurements in CO[subscript 2]	p. 390
Inexpensive and Biodegradable CO[subscript 2]-Philes	p. 390
Conclusions	p. 392
Solubility of Plasticizers, Polymers and Environmental Pollution	p. 397
Introduction	p. 397
Solubility Parameters as a Guide for Plasticizer Selection	p. 400
Environmental and Health Issues	p. 403
Concluding Remarks	p. 407
Pesticides and Pollution Exposure in Humans
Solubility Issues in Environmental Pollution	p. 411
Solubility Issues in Environmental Pollution	p. 411
Absorption of SO[subscript 2] by Seawater	p. 412
Replacement of MTBE by Other Tertiary Ethers	p. 416
Desulphurization of Fuel Oils with Ionic Liquids	p. 420
Hazard Identification and Human Exposure to Pesticides	p. 429
Introduction	p. 429
Priority Properties Affecting the Hazards of Pesticides	p. 431
Hazard Identification and Mechanisms of Toxicity	p. 433
Human Exposure Assessment	p. 435
Conclusions	p. 440
Solubility and Body Fluids	p. 445
Introduction	p. 445
Body Fluids	p. 446
Solubility Phenomena in Body Fluids	p. 448
Conclusion	p. 457
Index	p. 463
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Thermodynamics, Solubility and Environmental Issues

At a Glance

Hardcover

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