List of Spreadsheets xix
List of Appendices xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
About the Author xxv
Part I Background
1 Introduction 3
2 Derivatives 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 The Derivatives Market 7
2.3 Derivative Risks 19
2.4 Central Clearing 24
2.5 Derivatives Risk Modelling 29
3 Counterparty Risk and xVA 35
3.1 Counterparty Risk 35
3.2 Beyond Counterparty Risk 48
3.3 Components of xVA 51
4 Regulation 57
4.1 Capital Requirements 58
4.2 Backstops and Complementary Measures 65
4.3 Liquidity 68
4.4 Clearing and Margining 74
5 What Is xVA? 81
5.1 Overview 81
5.2 Anatomy of xVA 82
5.3 Valuation 91
5.4 Pricing 100
Part II Counterparty Risk Mitigation
6 Netting, Close-Out and Related Aspects 113
6.1 Overview 113
6.2 Cash Flow Netting 114
6.3 Netting in Default 123
7 Collateral, Margin and Settlement 133
7.1 Termination and Reset Features 133
7.2 Basics of Collateralisation 137
7.3 Collateral Terms 144
7.4 Standard CSAs 154
7.5 Impact of Collateral 159
8 Central Clearing 167
8.1 Evolution of Central Clearing 167
8.2 CCP Risk Management 178
8.3 Impact of Central Clearing 185
9 Initial Margin Methodologies 191
9.1 Overview 191
9.2 SPAN 200
9.3 Historical Simulation 206
9.4 Bilateral Initial Margin and the ISDA-SIMM 218
Part III Building Blocks
10 Future Value and Exposure 235
10.1 Credit Exposure 235
10.2 Drivers of Exposure 243
10.3 Portfolio Effects and the Impact of Collateral 253
10.4 Funding, Rehypothecation and Segregation 265
11 Curves 273
11.1 Default Probability 273
11.2 Credit Curve Mapping 280
11.3 Funding and Capital 291
12 Regulatory Methodologies 307
12.1 Overview 307
12.2 Credit Risk (Default Risk) Capital 310
12.3 CVA Risk 312
12.4 Exposure Calculation Methodologies 322
12.5 Examples 337
12.6 CCP Capital Requirements 348
Part IV Valuation Adjustments
13 Discounting and Collateral 355
13.1 Overview 355
13.2 The Starting Point 357
13.3 ColVA and Discounting 360
13.4 Beyond Perfect Collateralisation 374
14 CVA and DVA 379
14.1 Overview 379
14.2 Credit Valuation Adjustment 380
14.3 Debt Valuation Adjustment 388
14.4 Risk Mitigants 395
15 FVA 403
15.1 Overview 403
15.2 FVA Background 404
15.3 Portfolio FVA 423
16 Capital and KVA 437
16.1 Overview 437
16.2 Capital Valuation Adjustment 438
16.3 Management of KVA 451
16.4 KVA Overlaps 459
17 Initial Margin and MVA 463
17.1 Overview 463
17.2 Initial Margin Funding Costs 464
17.3 MVA Market Practice 474
17.4 MVA Overlaps 479
Part V Modelling and Management
18 Credit Curve Quantification 485
18.1 Proxy Curves 485
18.2 Loss Given Default 500
19 Managing xVA 507
19.1 The Role of An xVA Desk 507
19.2 Hedging 515
19.3 Operation of An xVA Desk 536
20 Quantifying Exposure: First-Generation Approaches 549
20.1 Overview 549
20.2 Monte Carlo Methodology 552
20.3 Choice of Models 561
20.4 Collateral Modelling 573
20.5 Examples 580
21 Quantifying Exposure: Second-Generation Approaches 599
21.1 Wrong-Way Risk I 599
21.2 Wrong-Way Risk II 610
21.3 Speeding Up xVA Calculations 619
21.4 Second-Generation xVAs (MVA and KVA) 632
21.5 Modelling Future Sensitivities 635
Glossary 645
General Terminology 649
References 651
Index 667
