Introduction . xv
Chapter 1 Defining Evolution and its Problem. . 1
The Theory of Evolution Defined. 1
The Evolution Problem. .3
Chapter 2 Evolution versus Science: Setting the Stage. . 9
Logic and Science. . 9
What is Science?. 11
Needing Alternative Hypotheses. 21
Does Macroevolution Qualify as Science?. . 23
Chapter 3 The Empirical Limits: Microevolution versus
Macroevolution. . 41
Reproductive Isolation and Common Ancestry. . 42
Microevolution: Traditional Definition. . 45
Macroevolution: Traditional Definition. . 45
Empirically Determined Microevolution versus
Macroevolution. 46
Microevolution Examples. 51
Purported Macroevolution Examples. . 54
Chapter 4 How Studies Fail to Support Macroevolution. . 65
Genetics and Biochemistry. . 67
Microstructures. 74
Macrostructures. 77
Chapter 5 Complementary Coevolution: Why Macroevolution
Evidence is Elusive. 93
DNA and Biochemistry Basics. 93
Complementary Coevolution. . 96
Purported Examples of Complementary Coevolution. 100
Chapter 6 Genetics and Evolution. . 107
Increasing Genetic Information by Evolution. . 107
Purported Genetic Signs of Common Ancestry. . 109
Human versus Chimpanzee DNA. 111
Is There DNA Evidence of Evolution?. 114
Chapter 7 Reproductive Evolution. 121
Species and Interbreeding. . 121
Complete versus Partial Reproductive Isolation. . 123
Purported Evidence of the Evolution of Reproductive
Isolation. . 124
The Challenge of Sperm and Egg Evolution. .128
Chapter 8 The Origin of Life. . 137
Extraterrestrial Biomolecule Sources. 138
Abiogenesis. 138
RNA World Theory. 140
The Origin of the Cell and Related Structures. 146
Chapter 9 Techniques for Determining Age. 153
Assessing the Validity of Measurement Tools. . 154
Dendrochronology. 156
Radiometric Methods of Dating. 160
Carbon-14 Dating. . 164
Uranium-Lead Dating. 167
Rubidium-Strontium Dating. . 172
Potassium-Argon Dating. 175
Argon-Argon Dating. 176
"Cross-Checking" Radiometric Dating. 177
Chapter 10 Summary and Conclusion. . 185
What the Evidence Shows. .186
The Theory of Macroevolution is Not Science. 188
What We See Differently. 189
Weaknesses of this Text. 192
Conclusion. . 192
Challenges and Responses . . 195
Appendices to
Introduction. 211
Chapter 2. . 213
Chapter 3. . 221
Chapter 4. . 235
Chapter 5. . 251
Chapter 6. . 263
Chapter 7. . 271
Chapter 8. . 281
Chapter 9. . 289
Author Index . 297
Subject Index. . 299