Today, the majority of sovereign states can be described as "democracies" because they possess elected political leadership and some measure of commitment to the protection and promotion of individual rights and equality under law. In the economic realm, most democracies are market-based and are integrated into wider regional and global markets. Virtually all are organized around Western liberal principles and values. For some, these philosophical commitments are indigenous and longstanding, and for others they were imported later, often through colonization. This book asks how democratic governance and economic development differ when founded on Eastern, Buddhist principles, rather than Western, liberal, and Enlightenment values and beliefs.
The small, remote country of Bhutan is the only democratic, market-based state that is rooted constitutionally and culturally in Mahayana Buddhist principles and ethics. In this book, William J. Long provides an authentic basis for theoretical and empirical comparison between two distinct models of democracy and development that differ on important, first-order principles. Bhutanese Buddhist and Western liberal concepts of the individual "self," "human nature" and "the pursuit of happiness"-the building blocks of democratic and market-based economic theory-differ profoundly. Because the two approaches-liberal and Buddhist-are based on distinctive philosophical traditions, this comparison elucidates new questions, frames of inquiry, and alternative understandings of democracy and development.
The book describes how democratic political institutions and markets emerged and how they function in Bhutan, demonstrating how, in real-world terms, Bhutan organizes and operates a political and economic system consistent with its Buddhist worldview. It considers the nature of Bhutan's unique political institutions and its economic touchstone, the pursuit of "Gross National Happiness (GNH)," rather than Gross National Product, as its ordering principle for policy. Ultimately, Tantric State reflects on whether Bhutan's unique model can withstand the forces of globalization and what insights Bhutan might have to share with the rest of us about dilemmas facing Western democracies and the need to pursue development in a more holistic and sustainable way.
Industry Reviews
"William J. Long's Tantric State...is an excellent book...It seriously and profoundly employs and explains general Buddhism as paradigm, and it does so in outstanding, very erudite preliminary chapters that explain, better than any other recent work on Buddhist Economics for instance (my own included), what the Buddhist scriptural tradition here is." -- , Wolfgang Drechsler Asian Affairs
"In our troubled times, Tantric State provides us hope with a Buddhist approach to holistic, sustainable, and democratic development. He makes Mahayana Buddhism accessible, and engages the reader to think creatively about how small Bhutan can teach the rest of the world to live with awareness of our interdependence with others and the planet. This inspiring book provides us with the know-how and the will to move beyond consumption to true
happiness."-Clair Brown, author of Buddhist Economics: An Enlightened Approach to the Dismal Science
"Tantric State is a carefully researched study of Bhutan's daring experiment in blending democratic and Buddhist values-an experiment in political organization and policy-making premised on the reality of deep interdependence between humanity and nature and across generations, and the conviction that humane politics must privilege compassion over competition. Long looks critically under the hood of Bhutanese efforts to heighten 'gross national
happiness,' assessing their impacts over the decade since Bhutan made the world's first struggle- and violence-free democratic transition. But, he also holds the Bhutanese experiment up as a mirror in which to see our
own political practices and prejudices from new angles. The view afforded by the Tantric State, in both directions, is revealing."-Peter D. Hershock, author of Valuing Diversity: Buddhist Reflection on Realizing a More Equitable Global Future
"In Tantric State, Professor Long convincingly examines how a small state like Bhutan, with Buddhist influence, enabled itself to face the challenges of political transition without compromising the ethos of development. An excellent insight into the foundation of a happy and modern democracy."-Rajesh S. Kharat, School of International Studies (SIS), JNU New Delhi
