Structure Function Correlation on Rat Kidney

1 Introduction.- 2 Organization of the Rat Kidney.- 2.1 Cortex.- 2.2 Outer Zone of Renal Medulla.- 2.3 Inner Zone of Renal Medulla.- 2.4 Nephron Structure.- 2.4.1 Proximal Tubule.- 2.4.2 Thin Limb of Henle's Loop.- 2.4.3 Distal Nephron.- 2.4.4 Collecting Duct.- 3 Basic Principles of Stereology.- 3.1 Structural Parameters and Profiles on Sections.- 3.2 Methods of Estimating Volume Densities.- 3.3 Estimation of Surfaces.- 3.4 Estimation of Length.- 4 Material and Methods.- 4.1 Stereological Analysis.- 4.1.1 Animal Preparation.- 4.1.2 Sampling of the Normal Rat Kidney for Stereology.- 4.1.3 Specimen Preparation.- 4.1.4 Stereological Analysis.- 4.1.4.1 Light Optimal Level (Cortex and Outer Stripe of Outer Medulla).- 4.1.4.2 Low Electron Microscopic Magnification.- 4.1.5 Stereological Analysis of the Injured Rat Kidney.- 4.2 Determination of Size of Reference Volumes.- 4.3 Biochemical Investigations.- 4.3.1 Marker Enzymes.- 4.3.2 Metabolites.- 4.3.3 Mercury and Calcium Accumulation.- 4.4 Physiologic Parameters.- 4.4.1 Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).- 4.4.2 Measurement of Mitochondrial Respiration.- 5 Results.- 5.1 Quantitative Morphology of the Normal Rat Kidney.- 5.1.1 Relative Values.- 5.1.1.1 Proximal Tubule: S1 + S2 Segments.- 5.1.1.2 Proximal Straight Tubule: S3 Segment.- 5.1.1.3 Thin Limb of Henle's Loop.- 5.1.1.4 Distal Tubule.- 5.1.1.5 Collecting Duct.- 5.1.2 Subcellular Parameters Per Unit Length of Nephron.- 5.1.2.1 Proximal Nephron.- 5.1.2.2 Thin Limb.- 5.1.2.3 Distal Nephron.- 5.1.2.4 Collecting Duct.- 5.1.3 Absolute Values.- 5.2 Quantitative Morphology of the Acutely Injured Kidney Cortex.- 5.2.1 The HgC12 Model.- 5.2.1.1 Qualitative Morphology.- 5.2.1.2 Quantitative Morphology.- 5.2.2 The HgC12 Model; Six Hours After a Single HgC12 Dose and Counterheating.- 5.2.2.1 Qualitative Morphology.- 5.2.2.2 Quantitative Morphology.- 5.2.3 The Maleic Acid Model.- 5.2.3.1 Qualitative Morphology.- 5.2.3.2 Quantitative Morphology.- 5.2.4 The Ischemic Model - No Blood Reflow.- 5.2.4.1 Qualitative Morphology.- 5.2.4.2 Quantitative Morphology.- 5.2.5 The Ischemic Model - Blood Reflow for Forty-five Minutes.- 5.2.5.1 Qualitative Morphology.- 5.2.5.2 Quantitative Morphology.- 5.2.6 The Hypothermia Model.- 5.2.6.1 Qualitative Morphology.- 5.2.6.2 Quantitative Morphology.- 5.3 Functional Changes of the Acutely Injured Kidney Cortex.- 5.3.1 Enzyme Activities.- 5.3.1.1 The Plasma Membrane.- 5.3.1.2 The Mitochondrial Cristae Membrane System.- 5.3.2 Mitochondrial Respiration.- 5.3.3 Metabolite Concentrations.- 5.3.4 Renal Functional Parameters During Acute Injury.- 5.3.4.1 The HgC12 Model.- 5.3.4.2 The Maleic Acid Model.- 5.3.4.3 The Ischemic Model.- 5.3.4.4 The Hypothermia Model.- 6 Discussion.- 6.1 The Normal Kidney.- 6.1.1 Proximal Nephron.- 6.1.1.1 Cortex.- 6.1.1.2 Outer Stripe of Outer Medulla.- 6.1.2 Thin Limb.- 6.1.2.1 Inner Stripe of Outer Medulla.- 6.1.2.2 Inner Medulla.- 6.1.3 Distal Nephron.- 6.1.3.1 Inner Stripe of Outer Medulla.- 6.1.3.2 Outer Stripe of Outer Medulla.- 6.1.3.3 Cortex.- 6.1.4 Collecting Duct System.- 6.1.5 Absolute Values.- 6.2 The Acutely Injured Kidney Cortex.- 6.2.1 The HgC12 Model.- 6.2.2 The Maleic Acid Model.- 6.2.3 The Ischemic Model Without Blood Reflow.- 6.2.4 Ischemia with Blood Reflow.- 6.2.5 The Hypothermia Model.- 6.2.6 The HgC12 Model - Six Hours After HgC12 and Counterheating.- 7 Summary.- References.