Structural Masonry

PREFACE -- SUMMARY -- SYMBOLS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 General -- 1.2 Purpose and framework of the research -- 2 TESTING OF MATERIALS -- 2.1 General -- 2.2 Materials, their processing and coding -- 2.2.1 Materials -- 2.2.2 Manufacturing of specimens -- 2.2.3 Terminology -- 2.2.4 Coding -- 2.3 Mechanical properties of masonry in compression -- 2.3.1 Specimens -- 2.3.2 Testing -- 2.3.3 Progress of the test -- 2.3.4 Compressive strength -- 2.3.5 Elastic modulus -- 2.3.6 Transverse contraction -- 2.4 Tension tests -- 2.4.1 Specimen -- 2.4.2 Testing -- 2.4.3 Tensile strength of the joints and the units -- 2.4.4 Elastic moduli of the joints in tension -- 2.4.5 Fracture energy and âpost peakâ behaviour -- 2.4.6 Influence of the real (net) bonding surface -- 2.5 Joint shear tests -- 2.5.1 Specimen -- 2.5.2 Testing -- 2.5.3 Tensile tests with shear tests -- 2.5.4 Shear strength -- 2.5.5 Shear stiffness or shear modulus of the mortar joint -- 2.5.6 Friction coefficient -- 2.5.7 Cohesion-softening and shear crack energy -- 2.5.8 Dilatancy -- 2.5.9 CEN tests 2.6 Conclusions -- 2.6.1 Conclusions with regard to the compression tests -- 2.6.2 Conclusion with regard to the tension tests -- 2.6.3 Conclusion with regard to the shear tests -- 2.6.4 General conclusions -- 3 NUMERICAL MODELS IN DIANA -- 3.1 General -- 3.2 Non-linear finite element method -- 3.2.1 Points of departure and types of elements -- 3.2.2 Solution procedure for non-linear material behaviour -- 3.3 Joint-unit discontinuum models -- 3.3.1 Points of departure -- 3.3.2 Modelling of units, joints and areas of adhesion -- 3.3.3 Linear-elastic behaviour -- 3.3.4 Discrete crack formation -- 3.3.5 Coulomb friction -- 3.3.6 Combination cracking and Coulomb friction -- 3.3.7 Alternative formulations -- 3.4 Super elements -- 3.5 Anisotropic continuum models for masonry as a composite -- 3.5.1 Points of departure -- 3.5.2 Orthotropic-elastic behaviour -- 3.5.3 Smeared cracking -- 3.5.4 Plasticity -- 3.6 Sense and nonsense wi